<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878</id><updated>2012-01-15T17:00:35.743-08:00</updated><category term='Versi Terjemahan Alkitab (Bible Version)'/><category term='Hubungi Saya'/><category term='Resep Makanan'/><category term='Terjemahan Alkitab'/><category term='Situs dan Buku Elektronik'/><category term='Bisnis UKM'/><category term='Gramatikal Bahasa Inggris'/><category term='Inspirasi dan Motivasi Kata Bijak'/><category term='Inspirasi Motivasi dan Ilustrasi'/><title type='text'>Bianglala Kehidupan</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Freddy Sendu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11011167653902768731</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='25' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQz8CNDxerg/Tnco1HDiYWI/AAAAAAAAAJU/OLRrTCpcKHo/s220/275823_100000599362468_3805398_n.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>129</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878.post-7830384042568022588</id><published>2012-12-25T04:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-10-11T07:58:59.360-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Versi Terjemahan Alkitab (Bible Version)'/><title type='text'>Daftar Isi Terjemahan Alkitab (Bible Translation Index)</title><content type='html'>&lt;i&gt;Artikel di bawah ini merupakan kumpulan artikel tentang Terjemahan Alkitab dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris dari berbagai situs yang tersedia.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;SERBA-SERBI UMUM&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;SERBA-SERBI PENERJEMAHAN ALKITAB / INDONESIA OR ENGLISH BIBLE TRANSLATIONS&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;TINJAUAN UMUM TERJEMAHAN ALKITAB / BIBLE VERSIONS&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;ALKITAB:&lt;/i&gt; TERJEMAHAN BARU (TB)&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;ALKITAB:&lt;/i&gt; KING JAMES VERSION (KJV)&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pembuktian terhadap KJV (Let's weight the evidence about KJV)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;ALKITAB:&lt;/i&gt; NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION (NIV)&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;ALKITAB:&lt;/i&gt; NEW LIVING TRANSLATION (NLT)&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2291020160805381878-7830384042568022588?l=freddysendu.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/7830384042568022588'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/7830384042568022588'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/09/daftar-isi-terjemahan-alkitab.html' title='Daftar Isi Terjemahan Alkitab (Bible Translation Index)'/><author><name>Freddy Sendu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11011167653902768731</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='25' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQz8CNDxerg/Tnco1HDiYWI/AAAAAAAAAJU/OLRrTCpcKHo/s220/275823_100000599362468_3805398_n.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878.post-3094432615531007928</id><published>2011-12-13T17:28:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-13T17:28:19.708-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Inspirasi Motivasi dan Ilustrasi'/><title type='text'>Children Learn What They Live</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;"&gt;By Dorothy Law Nolte, Ph.D.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;If children live with criticism,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; They learn to condemn.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; If children live with hostility,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; They learn to fight.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; If children live with ridicule,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; They learn to be shy.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; If children live with shame,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; They learn to feel guilty.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; If children live with encouragement,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; They learn confidence.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; If children live with tolerance,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; They learn to be patient.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; If children live with praise,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; They learn to appreciate.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; If children live with acceptance,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; They learn to love.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; If children live with approval,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; They learn to like themselves.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; If children live with honesty,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; They learn truthfulness.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; If children live with security,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; They learn to have faith in themselves and others.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; If children live with friendliness,&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; They learn the world is a nice place in which to live.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Excerpted from the book&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.workman.com/catalog/showtoc.cgi?0761109196"&gt;CHILDREN LEARN WHAT THEY LIVE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;©1998 by Dorothy Law Nolte and Rachel Harris&lt;br /&gt;The poem "Children Learn What They Live"&lt;br /&gt;©Dorothy Law Nolte&lt;br /&gt;Used by permission of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.workman.com/catalog/pagemaker.cgi?0761109196"&gt;Workman Publishing Co., New York&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2291020160805381878-3094432615531007928?l=freddysendu.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/feeds/3094432615531007928/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/12/children-learn-what-they-live.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/3094432615531007928'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/3094432615531007928'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/12/children-learn-what-they-live.html' title='Children Learn What They Live'/><author><name>Freddy Sendu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11011167653902768731</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='25' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQz8CNDxerg/Tnco1HDiYWI/AAAAAAAAAJU/OLRrTCpcKHo/s220/275823_100000599362468_3805398_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878.post-2075221094378316705</id><published>2011-10-29T01:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-29T01:32:10.111-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Program Aplikasi (Application Software)</title><content type='html'>Photo Editing Software:&lt;br /&gt;- Photoshop CS55&amp;nbsp;(termasuk Photoshop Elements 10 and Photoshop Darkroom 3.5)&lt;br /&gt;- Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X4&lt;br /&gt;-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Video Editiong Software:&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;-Adobe Premiere Pro CS55 (termasuk Adobe Premiere Elemenets 9)&lt;br /&gt;- Avid Studio 1.1&lt;br /&gt;- Pinnacle Studio&lt;br /&gt;- Corel Photo&lt;br /&gt;- Sony&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Drawing:&lt;br /&gt;CorelDraw&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2291020160805381878-2075221094378316705?l=freddysendu.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/feeds/2075221094378316705/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/program-aplikasi-application-software.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/2075221094378316705'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/2075221094378316705'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/program-aplikasi-application-software.html' title='Program Aplikasi (Application Software)'/><author><name>Freddy Sendu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11011167653902768731</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='25' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQz8CNDxerg/Tnco1HDiYWI/AAAAAAAAAJU/OLRrTCpcKHo/s220/275823_100000599362468_3805398_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878.post-557044885521905655</id><published>2011-10-25T17:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-25T17:53:52.041-07:00</updated><title type='text'>tess</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 class="page-title" style="color: #669900; font-family: BebasNeueRegular, Tahoma; font-size: 34px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 36px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;Es Pisang Ijo di Bulan Ramadhan&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Satu lagi kuliner lezat yang dimiliki Indonesia yaitu es pisang ijo? Pernah mencicipi es ini, bagaimana rasanya?? Es Pisang Ijo merupakan salah satu makanan kuliner khas dari Makasar. Namun untuk mencicipi kelezatan es pisang ijo ini, kita tidak perlu jauh-jauh datang ke Makasar. Dalam waktu singkat es pisang ijo memang telah menyebar ke beberapa daerah di Indonesia, dan ternyata mendapat sambutan cukup baik dari masyarakat.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Courier New; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Satu lagi kuliner lezat yang dimiliki Indonesia yaitu es pisang ijo? Pernah mencicipi es ini, bagaimana rasanya?? Es Pisang Ijo merupakan salah satu makanan kuliner khas dari Makasar. Namun untuk mencicipi kelezatan es pisang ijo ini, kita tidak perlu jauh-jauh datang ke Makasar. Dalam waktu singkat es pisang ijo memang telah menyebar ke beberapa daerah di Indonesia, dan ternyata mendapat sambutan cukup baik dari masyarakat.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2291020160805381878-557044885521905655?l=freddysendu.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/feeds/557044885521905655/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/tess.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/557044885521905655'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/557044885521905655'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/tess.html' title='tess'/><author><name>Freddy Sendu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11011167653902768731</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='25' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQz8CNDxerg/Tnco1HDiYWI/AAAAAAAAAJU/OLRrTCpcKHo/s220/275823_100000599362468_3805398_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878.post-7281974635335651868</id><published>2011-10-23T07:59:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-23T07:59:14.738-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Resep Makanan'/><title type='text'>Es Pisang Ijo</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 class="page-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: url(http://bisnisukm.com/wp-content/themes/bisnisukmv320/img/body-mid.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: -495px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat repeat; color: #669900; font-family: BebasNeueRegular, Tahoma; font-size: 34px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 36px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;Es Pisang Ijo di Bulan Ramadhan&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/pisang-ijo.jpg" original-title="" style="color: #669900; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-3626" height="242" src="http://bisnisukm.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/pisang-ijo.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="bisnis-pisang-ijo" width="242" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Satu lagi kuliner lezat yang dimiliki Indonesia yaitu es pisang ijo? Pernah mencicipi es ini, bagaimana rasanya?? Es Pisang Ijo merupakan salah satu makanan kuliner khas dari Makasar. Namun untuk mencicipi kelezatan es pisang ijo ini, kita tidak perlu jauh-jauh datang ke Makasar. Dalam waktu singkat es pisang ijo memang telah menyebar ke beberapa daerah di Indonesia, dan ternyata mendapat sambutan cukup baik dari masyarakat.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Es pisang ijo terbuat dari pisang raja atau kepok, dibungkus dengan tepung terigu yang sudah diberi santan dan air daun pandan atau pasta pandan sebagai pewarna dan pengharum sehingga berwarna hijau, disajikan dengan saus yang diberi es serut, kacang goreng/sangrai yang ditumbuk kasar&amp;nbsp; dan sirup.&lt;span id="more-3619" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Jadi kata ijo itu bukan menunjukkan bahwa jajanan ini terbuat dari pisang hijau tetapi dari tepung pembungkusnya yang berwarna hijau dari daun pandan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Es pisang ijo memang cukup popular di banyak daerah selain daerah aslanya Makasar dan kemungkinan besar di bulan ramadhan ini, popularitas es pisang ijo akan semakin naik. Rasanya yang segar, manis, dan mengenyangkan sangat cocok sebagai teman untuk berbuka puasa. Tidak ada salahnya apabila Anda mau mencoba mengambil peluang usaha es pisang ijo di saat bulan ramadhan. Menghadirkan es pisang ijo sebagai jajanan berbuka puasa bisa menjadi suguhan baru yang menarik disamping kolak, es buah, bubur kacang hijau yang sudah biasa menjadi jajanan berbuka puasa. Ya…bisnis makanan memang akan selalu menarik untuk dilirik. Pasarnya jelas dan luas, tinggal bagaimana kegigihan usaha kita dan semangat untuk selalu berusaha mencari dan berkreasi.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Bahan:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Pisang Tepung&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;175 gr tepung beras, ayak&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1/2 sdt garam&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;300 ml air&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1000 ml air daun pandan/suji&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;50 gr tepung tapioka / sagu&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;6 buah pisang raja matang&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Saus Putih :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;800 ml santan (saya pake 1 kotak santan kara ditambahkan air sampai 800 ml)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;50 gr tepung beras&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;75 gr gula pasir&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1/2 sdt garam&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1 ikat daun pandan&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Sirup Merah (saya pake sirup Marjan Cocopandan)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Es Serut&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Kacang tanah sangrai&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Cara Pembuatan:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Pisang Ijo :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Campurkan tepung beras, garam, air, air daun pandan, dan pewarna hijau, aduk rata. Jerang di atas api kecil hingga mendidih sambil aduk-aduk agar adonan tidak berbutir. Angkat.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Masukkan tepung sagu sedikit demi sedikit sambil aduk-aduk hingga kalis. Biarkan dingin sebentar.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Bagi adonan menjadi 6 bagian. Bulatkan dan tipiskan hingga 1/2 cm.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Balut setiap pisang dengan adonan tepung beras hingga semua bagian tertutup rata.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Kukus hingga matang skira-kira 15-20 menit.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Saus Putih :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;Campurkan santan, tepung terigu, gula pasir, daun pandan dan garam, aduk rata. Jerang di atas api sedang sambil aduk-aduk hingga kental. Angkat. Aduk-aduk sampai agak dingin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Penyajian :&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;Dalam penyajiaannya pisang raja yang terbungkus kulit berwarna hijau ini dipotong-potong. Ambil satu buah pisang ijo, potong-potong pisang, lalu letakkan di atas piring/mangkuk. Tambahkan es serut, siram dengan sirop merah sebagai penambah rasa manis, beri saus putih, taburi kacang sangrai.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Sebagai kreasi agar berbeda dari yang lainnya sehingga lebih menarik bagi konsumen, Anda bisa menambahkan kurma, serutan keju, kismis, atau potongan buah-buahan seperti strawberry, nangka, durian dan lain-lain dalam penyajiannya. Perlu diingat juga selain keunggulan tampilan dan rasa produk, Anda juga perlu memperhatikan pemilihan tempat lokasi berjualan. Pilihlah tempat yang strategis yang sering dilewati orang. Selain itu berikan pelayanan terbaik untuk pelanggan Anda. Perhatikan juga bagaimana sikap anda dalam berjualan. Jangan anggap remeh hal ini. Bersikap cekatan, ramah dan murah senyum saat berjualan akan membuat konsumen merasa nyaman dan ini bisa menjadi jurus jitu untuk membuat konsumen agar menjadi langganan tetap es pisang ijo Anda.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Selamat mencoba dan semoga sukses..&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2291020160805381878-7281974635335651868?l=freddysendu.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/feeds/7281974635335651868/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/es-pisang-ijo.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/7281974635335651868'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/7281974635335651868'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/es-pisang-ijo.html' title='Es Pisang Ijo'/><author><name>Freddy Sendu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11011167653902768731</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='25' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQz8CNDxerg/Tnco1HDiYWI/AAAAAAAAAJU/OLRrTCpcKHo/s220/275823_100000599362468_3805398_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878.post-2558461088476556241</id><published>2011-10-23T07:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-23T07:57:06.076-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Resep Makanan'/><title type='text'>Mie Ayam Tetap Subur</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 class="page-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: url(http://bisnisukm.com/wp-content/themes/bisnisukmv320/img/body-mid.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: -495px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat repeat; color: #669900; font-family: BebasNeueRegular, Tahoma; font-size: 34px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 36px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;Sampai Kini Bisnis Mie Ayam Tetap Subur&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/mie-ayam.jpg" original-title="" style="color: #669900; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-3631" height="198" src="http://bisnisukm.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/mie-ayam-300x224.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="bisnis-mie-ayam" width="266" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Sekarang mie telah menjadi makanan pokok ke 2 setelah beras. Ini ide bagus jika kita bisa mengambil ini sebagai peluang bisnis yang potensial untuk digali. Yah, memang selama ini bisnis yang masih cukup menggoda untuk tetap dikembangkan adalah bisnis mie ayam.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span id="more-3630" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Bagaimana tidak, hampir semua orang menyukai makanan ini. Bisnis ini bak jamur yang mudah tumbuh dimana-mana dan tetap eksis sampai sekarang. Tapi banyak juga yang gulung tikar karena tidak bisa memiliki ciri khas yang membuat konsumen terpikat oleh mie yang ditawarkan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Saat ini penjualan Mie bisa kita temui dengan banyak variasi, ada juga berjualan dengan menggunakan gerobak, tenda, warung, maupun dalam restoran-restoran.&amp;nbsp; Sehingga tak salah jika banyaknya persaingan dalam penjualan mie ini. Persaingan memang merupakan salah satu resiko usaha mi ayam. Karena hampir di semua ruas jalan dapat ditemui pedagang makanan ini. Untuk menghindari persaingan memang perlu beberapa cara untuk memenangkan suatu persaingan demi memikat konsumen agar datang ke usaha anda.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Beberapa faktor yang bisa mendukung pengembangan usaha mie, antara lain:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Semangat yang optimis bahwa usaha yang anda dirikan akan sukses.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Ada ciri khusus dari mie yang anda tawarkan. Misalnya ke khasan dari menu, adanya variasi-variasi menu yang ditawarkan, contoh: dengan penambahan pangsit pada mie, penambahan jamur pada pelengkapnya atau menggantikan lauknya dengan daging sapi, daging ikan maupun mengubah tampilan mie dengan memvariasikan pembuatan mie dengan berbagai sayuran menjadi mie pelangi, dll.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Peningkatan mutu (misalnya: kehalalan menu, standarisasi mutu, higienitas menu yang ditawarkan, dll)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Pemilihan tempat yang strategis.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Kenyamanan bagi pengunjung.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Pelayanan yang memuaskan.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Lakukan promosi di awal usaha dengan mengenalkan keunggulan mie yang anda berikan.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Nah, setelah anda yakin dengan usaha mie yang akan anda rintis, lalu, mungkin anda akan bertanya bagaimana membuatnya? Berikut ini akan saya tampilkan bagaimana cara membuat mie ayam. Silahkan jika anda ingin mengkreasikan dengan berbagai macam variasi-variasi yang lain agar mie yang anda ciptakan mempunyai ciri khas tersendiri, yang bisa menarik consumen. Selamat mencoba.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Bahan:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1/2 kg mie ayam (siap dibeli di pasar)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;100 ml Minyak ayam&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;100 ml Kecap asin&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;300 gr Daging ayam direbus dan dipotong kotak&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;3 sdm Kecap manis&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;2 sdm Kecap Ingris&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;2 batang Daun bawang dirajang&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Caisin, penyedap dan bawang goreng secukupnya.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Bumbu yang dihaluskan:&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;3 siung Bawang putih&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;5 buah Bawang merah&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1 sdt Ketumbar&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;3 cm Kunyit&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;3 cm Jahe&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;4 butir Kemiri&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Bahan Kaldu:&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;2 liter Air&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1/2 kg Tulang ayam&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1 sdt Garam&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1/2 sdt Lada bubuk&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Cara membuat :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Kaldu: air direbus hingga mendidih, masukkan tulang ayam, rebus dengan api kecil hingga kaldu beraroma harum. Tambahkan lada bubuk dan garam.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Tumis bumbu yang dihaluskan hingga harum dan matang, masukkan ayam, tumis hingga bumbu menyerap ke dalam ayam,tambahkan penyedap, tumis sebentar, angkat, sisihkan.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Masukkan 2 sdm minyak ayam ke dalam mangkok, 1/4 sdt penyedap.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Rebus mie dan caisin yang telah dirajang hingga matang, angkat dan letakkan di dalam mangkuk yang telah terisi dengan bumbu, masukkan ayam 2 sdm.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Taburkan bawang goreng dan daun bawang yang telah dirajang.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Catatan:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Kunci kelezatan mie ayam ada pada minyak ayamnya.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Cara membuat: ambil kulit ayam dan lemaknya, panaskan dengan api kecil diatas penggorengan, tambahkan 2 siung bawang putih digeprak, panaskan hingga seluruh minyak keluar dari kulit dan lemak ayam, minyak siap untuk digunakan.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Cara membuat pangsit goreng&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Bahan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;Kulit :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;250 gr tepung terigu&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1 kuning telur&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;50 gr margarin yang dilelehkan&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;100 ml air&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1/2 sdt garam&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Isi Pangsit :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;125 gr udang, buang kulitnya lalu cincang halus&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1 btr telur&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;2 sdm tapioka&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1 bh daun bawang di iris halus&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;merica dan garam secukupnya&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;minyak wijen 1/2 sdm&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Cara membuatnya:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;haluskan udang, lalu campur dengan minyak wijen, telur, tapioka, garam, merica dan daun bawang, aduk2 hingga rata, diamkan dahulu&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;lalu untuk kulit pangsit, masukkan tepung terigu, kuning telur, margarin, air dan garam, aduk2 rata hingga kalis&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;pipihkan adonan, dapat menggunakan mesih pembuat mie, atau dengan kayu untuk memipihkan adonan, lalu potong2 menjadi 10 x 10.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Panaskan minyak goreng, masukkan pangsit yang sudah di potong tadi&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Jika akan membuat pangsit goreng isi udang, Isi adonan pangsit dengat 1 sdt udang yang sudah dihaluskan, rekatkan, bentuk sesuai selera, dan siap di goreng&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Masak hingga kecoklatan, balik-balik.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2291020160805381878-2558461088476556241?l=freddysendu.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/feeds/2558461088476556241/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/mie-ayam-tetap-subur.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/2558461088476556241'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/2558461088476556241'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/mie-ayam-tetap-subur.html' title='Mie Ayam Tetap Subur'/><author><name>Freddy Sendu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11011167653902768731</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='25' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQz8CNDxerg/Tnco1HDiYWI/AAAAAAAAAJU/OLRrTCpcKHo/s220/275823_100000599362468_3805398_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878.post-7703067834779081513</id><published>2011-10-23T07:55:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-23T07:55:47.035-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bisnis UKM'/><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 class="page-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: url(http://bisnisukm.com/wp-content/themes/bisnisukmv320/img/body-mid.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: -495px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat repeat; color: #669900; font-family: BebasNeueRegular, Tahoma; font-size: 34px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 36px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;Tips Membuat Ayam Goreng Kremes&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-7276" height="188" src="http://bisnisukm.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/ayam-goreng-220x165.jpg" style="float: left; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="ayam goreng" width="252" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/gurihnya-ayam-goreng-tepung.html" original-title="" style="color: #669900; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Ayam goreng&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;kremes tentu bukan suatu makanan yang asing bagi anda. Rasanya yang gurih dan kriuk kremesnya yang krunci, tentu akan membuat lidah anda bergoyang. Apalagi bila anda menikmati ayam kremes hasil masakan sendiri bersama keluarga, teman, atau dengan pasangan anda. Pasti akan menjadi sebuah kenikmatan tersendiri.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Enak atau tidaknya ayam kremes yang anda buat tidak terlepas dari komposisi bahan-bahan serta bumbu yang digunakan. Bahkan sebagian orang masih mengira membuat ayam kremes itu sulit.&lt;span id="more-7260" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Kesulitan tersebut lebih pada saat membuat kremesan. Karena ternyata memang membutuhkan teknik tersendiri untuk memasaknya. Yaitu dengan membuat ”bubur kanji atau bubur tepung tapioka” terlebih dahulu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Jika anda ingin membuat&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/untung-besar-dari-ayam-kampung.html" original-title="" style="color: #669900; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;ayam&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;kremes, caranya cukup mudah. Dan siapa tahu hobi anda di dapur dapat dijadikan peluang usaha. Karena prospeknya cukup menjanjikan. Dan apabila anda belum memiliki warung atau tempat usaha sendiri, pemasaran dapat anda lakukan dengan cara mulut ke mulut atau ”door to door” dengan sasaran area perumahan. Di mana biasanya mereka sibuk atau tidak sempat membuat sajian makanan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Berikut ini cara atau tahapan membuat Ayam Kremes:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Bahan :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Ayam Kampung/petelur&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 1 ekor&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Air&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;300 ml&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Minyak goring secukupnya&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Kremes:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Kaldu ayam&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;300 ml&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Tepung Tapioka/sagu &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 50 gram&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Telur&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;1 butir&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Air secukupnya&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Bumbu :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Bawang Putih&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 5 siung&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Jahe&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;1 ruas jari&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Kunyit &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 1 ruas jari&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Penyedap rasa&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 1 sendok teh(jika suka)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Masako Kaldu Ayam&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 1 bungkus&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Ketumbar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 1 sendok the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Kemiri&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 4 buah&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Cara memasak Ayam Kremes:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="background-color: white; font-family: Museo500, Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', 'Trebuchet MS', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Cuci daging ayam yang masih utuh atau dipotong (menurut selera) hingga tidak ada sisa darah yang menempel di daging ,usahakan maras (jantung ayam) di buang agar ayam tidak cepat bau,&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Masukkan air dan bumbu yang sudah di haluskan ke dalam panci,&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Rebus Ayam kurang lebih 2,5 jam agar ayam lebih empuk dan bumbu lebih meresap ke dalam daging Ayam (tidak hanya asin luarnya saja).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Setelah Ayam selesai di rebus tiriskan sebentar untuk mengeringkan badan ayam.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Saring kuah atau kaldu ayam, buang ampasnya. Dinginkan kaldunya.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Setelah kuah kaldu ayam dingin, siapkan adonan kremes. Caranya:&lt;ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Campur tepung tapioka dan telur&amp;nbsp; hingga merata&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Tambahkan sedikit air agar tidak terlalu pekat&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Siapkan wajan&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Masukkan adonan tepung tapioka kedalam wajan dengan perlahan-lahan ditambah kaldu ayam&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Aduk hingga adonan menjadi seperti bubur (jangan terlalu pekat/encer)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Panaskan minyak secukupnya. Masukkan ayam ke dalam wajan, goreng hingga sedikit menguning. Kemudian masukkan bubur tepung tapioca (kanji) dengan sendok di atas ayam yang sedang digoreng (ayam jangan terlalu kering, agar bubur tapioka lebih lekat dengan ayam). Balik secara bergantian. Jika sudah kuning kecoklatan, angkat dan tiriskan.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Saring minyak bekas menggoreng ayam, lalu di panaskan lagi. Goreng sisa bubur tepung (untuk membuat kremesan) dengan cara sendokkan sedikit demi sedikit di atas api kecil. Setelah kecoklatan, angkat dan tiriskan.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Ayam goreng Kremes siap di sajikan&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2291020160805381878-7703067834779081513?l=freddysendu.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/feeds/7703067834779081513/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/tips-membuat-ayam-goreng-kremes-ayam.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/7703067834779081513'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/7703067834779081513'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/tips-membuat-ayam-goreng-kremes-ayam.html' title=''/><author><name>Freddy Sendu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11011167653902768731</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='25' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQz8CNDxerg/Tnco1HDiYWI/AAAAAAAAAJU/OLRrTCpcKHo/s220/275823_100000599362468_3805398_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878.post-3520976775555679199</id><published>2011-10-19T01:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-19T01:16:27.882-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Inspirasi dan Motivasi Kata Bijak'/><title type='text'>Selalu Ada Alasan Untuk Berterima Kasih</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Nioec1iMatI/Tp6HP4e_TpI/AAAAAAAAALw/F4RjeJgxaMo/s1600/Childs-Prayer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Nioec1iMatI/Tp6HP4e_TpI/AAAAAAAAALw/F4RjeJgxaMo/s320/Childs-Prayer.jpg" width="256" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Berterima-kasih lah bahwa kau tidak mendapati segala yang kamu inginkan&lt;br /&gt;Jika hal ini terjadi, maka untuk apa harus mencarinya lagi?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berterima-kasih lah bila kamu tidak mengetahui sesuatu&lt;br /&gt;Karena itu memberimu kesempatan untuk belajar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berterima-kasih lah atas waktu-waktu yang sulit&lt;br /&gt;Disitulah waktu kamu bertumbuh&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berterima-kasih lah atas kekurangan-kekuranganmu&lt;br /&gt;Karena hal ini akan memberikan kesempatan bagimu untuk berkembang lebih baik lagi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berterima-kasih lah atas setiap tantangan baru&lt;br /&gt;Karena hal ini akan memperkuat dan membangun karaktermu&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berterima-kasih lah atas kesalahan-kesalahanmu&lt;br /&gt;Dengan demikian kamu mendapatkan pelajaran-pelajaran berharga&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berterima-kasih lah ketika kau kelelahan dan ketakutan&lt;br /&gt;Karena itu berarti engkau membuat suatu perbedaan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adalah lebih mudah berterima kasih atas hal-hal baik.&lt;br /&gt;Tapi kehidupan yang kaya terpenuhi dari mereka yang juga berterima kasih atas hal-hal yang kurang baik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bersyukur dapat membalikkan perasaan yang negatif ke positif&lt;br /&gt;Berterima-kasih lah atas kesulitan-kesulitan yang kamu alami&lt;br /&gt;dan mereka akan menjadi berkat-berkat bagimu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;---&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Be thankful that you don’t already have everything you desire,&lt;br /&gt;If you did, what would there be to look forward to?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Be thankful when you don’t know something&lt;br /&gt;For it gives you the opportunity to learn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Be thankful for the difficult times.&lt;br /&gt;During those times you grow.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Be thankful for your limitations&lt;br /&gt;Because they give you opportunities for improvement.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Be thankful for each new challenge&lt;br /&gt;Because it will build your strength and character.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Be thankful for your mistakes&lt;br /&gt;They will teach you valuable lessons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Be thankful when you’re tired and weary&lt;br /&gt;Because it means you’ve made a difference.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is easy to be thankful for the good things.&lt;br /&gt;A life of rich fulfillment comes to those who are&lt;br /&gt;also thankful for the setbacks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;GRATITUDE can turn a negative into a positive.&lt;br /&gt;Find a way to be thankful for your troubles&lt;br /&gt;and they can become your blessings.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2291020160805381878-3520976775555679199?l=freddysendu.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/feeds/3520976775555679199/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/selalu-ada-alasan-untuk-berterima-kasih.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/3520976775555679199'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/3520976775555679199'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/selalu-ada-alasan-untuk-berterima-kasih.html' title='Selalu Ada Alasan Untuk Berterima Kasih'/><author><name>Freddy Sendu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11011167653902768731</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='25' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQz8CNDxerg/Tnco1HDiYWI/AAAAAAAAAJU/OLRrTCpcKHo/s220/275823_100000599362468_3805398_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Nioec1iMatI/Tp6HP4e_TpI/AAAAAAAAALw/F4RjeJgxaMo/s72-c/Childs-Prayer.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878.post-4805959061815674195</id><published>2011-10-18T18:58:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-18T19:09:51.991-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Inspirasi Motivasi dan Ilustrasi'/><title type='text'>Alasan Terbesar untuk Mengatakan "AKU CINTA KAMU"</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RYNMfgpab3Q/Tp4wT9RBcxI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/VD-CTXf7rWk/s1600/couples-736.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RYNMfgpab3Q/Tp4wT9RBcxI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/VD-CTXf7rWk/s320/couples-736.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Alasan Terbesar untuk Mengatakan "AKU CINTA KAMU" (This Is The Reason Why We Must Brave to Say "I Love You")&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(1 SMA)&lt;br /&gt;Saat aku duduk di kelas bahasa inggris, kutatap gadis disampingku. Dia adalah sahabatku. Kutatap rambut panjang sehalus sutra-nya, dan berharap dia adalah milikku. Tapi dia tidak menyadarinya, itu yg aku tahu.&lt;br /&gt;Setelah kelas selesai, dia berjalan ke arahku dan meminta catatan yang ketinggalan kemarin, dan kuberikan padanya. Dia berkata “terima kasih” dan memberi ciuman di pipiku.&lt;br /&gt;Aku ingin memberitahunya, aku ingin dia tahu kalau aku tak ingin hanya sekedar teman,aku mencintainya … tapi aku terlalu malu, dan aku tak tahu kenapa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(2 SMA)&lt;br /&gt;Telepon berdering. Di ujung sana, ada dia. Dia menangis, dan berkata terus-terusan betapa kekasihnya telah menghancurkan hatinya. Dia memintaku untuk datang karena dia tak ingin sendirian, dan aku pun datang. Aku duduk di sofa di sebelahnya, menatap matanya yang lembut, berharap dia adalah milikku.&lt;br /&gt;Setelah 2 jam berlalu dengan sebuah film Drew Barrymore dan tiga kantong kripik akhirnya dia memutuskan untuk tidur.&lt;br /&gt;Dia melihatku, berkata “terima kasih” dan mencium pipiku.&lt;br /&gt;Aku ingin memberitahunya, aku ingin dia tahu kalau aku tak ingin hanya sekedar teman,aku mencintainya … tapi aku terlalu malu, &amp;amp; aku tak tahu kenapa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(3 SMA)&lt;br /&gt;Sehari sebelum pesta kelulusan dia berjalan ke lokerku.&lt;br /&gt;“Pasanganku sakit” katanya. Dia tidak mungkin bisa cepat sembuh &amp;amp; aku tak punya pasangan.&lt;br /&gt;Sewaktu SMP, kami pernah membuat janji jika ada diantara kita yang tak punya pasangan maka kita akan datang berdua, sebagai teman baik. Dan itu yang kami lakukan.&lt;br /&gt;Malam kelulusan, setelah semuanya selesai, aku berdiri di depan tangga rumahnya. Dia tersenyum padaku, dan memandangku dengan matanya yang sebening kristal.&lt;br /&gt;Aku ingin dia menjadi milikku, tapi sepertinya dia tdk punya perasaan yg sama &amp;amp; aku tahu itu.&lt;br /&gt;Lalu dia berkata “Ini salah satu momen terindah buatku, terima kasih” dan menciumku di pipi.&lt;br /&gt;Aku ingin memberitahunya, aku ingin dia tahu kalau aku tak ingin hanya sekedar teman,aku mencintainya … tapi aku terlalu malu, &amp;amp; aku tak tahu kenapa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Hari Wisuda)&lt;br /&gt;Sehari berlalu, lalu seminggu, lalu sebulan. Sebelum aku sempat berkedip, ini sudah hari kami wisuda. Kulihat tubuhnya yang sempurna melayang seperti malaikat di panggung untuk menerima diploma.&lt;br /&gt;Aku ingin dia menjadi milikku, tapi sepertinya dia tidak menyadarinya &amp;amp; aku tahu itu.&lt;br /&gt;Sebelum semua orang pulang, dia mendatangiku dengan pakaian &amp;amp; topinya, dia menangis ketika aku memeluknya. Lalu dia mengangkat kepalanya dari pundakku, dan berkata “kau sahabat terbaikku, terima kasih” dan mencium pipiku.&lt;br /&gt;Aku ingin memberitahunya, aku ingin dia tahu kalau aku tak ingin hanya sekedar teman,aku mencintainya … tapi aku terlalu malu, &amp;amp; aku tak tahu kenapa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Beberapa tahun kemudian)&lt;br /&gt;Sekarang aku duduk di bangku gereja, ini hari pernikahannya. Aku melihatnya mengatakan “ya, saya bersedia” dan memasuki kehidupan barunya, menikahi seorang pria.&lt;br /&gt;Aku ingin dia menjadi milikku, namun sptnya dia tdk mengetahuinya dan aku tahu itu.&lt;br /&gt;Sebelum pergi, dia mendatangiku dan berkata “kau datang!”.&lt;br /&gt;Dia berkata “terima kasih” dan mencium pipiku…&lt;br /&gt;Aku ingin memberitahunya, aku ingin dia tahu kalau aku tak ingin hanya sekedar teman,aku mencintainya … tapi aku terlalu malu, &amp;amp; aku tak tahu kenapa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Pemakaman)&lt;br /&gt;Bertahun-tahun berlalu, aku menatap peti mati berisi wanita yang menjadi “sahabat terbaikku”. Dalam acara itu, mereka membacakan buku harian yang ditulisnya ketika dia masih SMA. Tubuhku terkulai lemas ketika kudengar:&lt;br /&gt;“Aku memandangnya &amp;amp; berharap dia adalah milikku tapi sptnya dia tidak mengetahui perasaanku dan aku tahu itu. Aku ingin memberitahunya, aku ingin dia tahu jika aku tak ingin menjadi sekedar teman, aku mencintainya tapi aku terlalu malu &amp;amp; aku tak tahu kenapa. Kuharap suatu hari dia akan berkata jika dia mencintaiku…”&lt;br /&gt;“Kuharap juga begitu” aku berkata pada diriku sendiri &amp;amp; airmatakupun jatuh membasahi wajahku…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[English version]&lt;br /&gt;When I was in 10th Grade&lt;br /&gt;As I sat there in English class, I stared at the girl next to me. She was my so called “best friend”. I stared at her long, silky hair, and wished she was mine. But she didn’t notice me like that, and I knew it. After class, she walked up to me and asked me for the notes she had missed the day before and handed them to her. She said “thanks” and gave me a kiss on the cheek. I wanted to tell her, I want her to know that I don’t want to be just friends, I love her but I’m just too shy, and I don’t know why.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11th Grade&lt;br /&gt;The phone rang. On the other end, it was her. She was in tears, mumbling on and on about how her love had broke her heart. She asked me to come over because she didn’t want to be alone, so I did. As I sat next to her on the sofa, I stared at her soft eyes, wishing she was mine. After 2 hours, one Drew Barrymore movie, and three bags of chips, she decided to go to sleep. She looked at me, said “thanks” and gave me a kiss on the cheek. I want to tell her, I want her to know that I don’t want to be just friends, I love her but I’m just too shy, and I don’t know why.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Senior Year&lt;br /&gt;The day before prom she walked to my locker. My date is sick” she said; he’s not going to go well, I didn’t have a date, and in 7th grade, we made a promise that if neither of us had dates, we would go together just as “best friends”. So we did. Prom night, after everything was over, I was standing at her front door step. I stared at her as she smiled at me and stared at me with her crystal eyes. I want her to be mine, but she isn’t think of me like that, and I know it. Then she said “I had the best time, thanks!” and gave me a kiss on the cheek. I want to tell her, I want her to know that I don’t want to be just friends, I love her but I’m just too shy, and I don’t know why.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Graduation Day&lt;br /&gt;A day passed, then a week, then a month. Before I could blink, it was graduation day. I watched as her perfect body floated like an angel up on stage to get her diploma. I wanted her to be mine, but she didn’t notice me like that, and I knew it. Before everyone went home, she came to me in her smock and hat, and cried as I hugged her. Then she lifted her head from my shoulder and said, “you’re my best friend, thanks” and gave me a kiss on the cheek. I want to tell her, I want her to know that I don’t want to be just friends, I love her but I’m just too shy, and I don’t know why.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Few Years Later&lt;br /&gt;Now I sit in the pews of the church. That girl is getting married now. I watched her say “I do” and drive off to her new life, married to another man. I wanted her to be mine, but she didn’t see me like that, and I knew it. But before she drove away, she came to me and said “you came!”. She said “thanks” and kissed me on the cheek. I want to tell her, I want her to know that I don’t want to be just friends, I love her but I’m just too shy, and I don’t know why.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Funeral&lt;br /&gt;Years passed, I looked down at the coffin of a girl who used to be my “best friend”. At the service, they read a diary entry she had wrote in her high school years. This is what it read: I stare at him wishing he was mine, but he doesn’t notice me like that, and I know it. I want to tell him, I want him to know that I don’t want to be just friends, I love him but I’m just too shy, and I don’t know why. I wish he would tell me he loved me! `I wish I did too…` I thought to my self, and I cried.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Sad Ending-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;"Jangan biarkan rasa cinta itu membeku di hati. Biarkan dia keluar, merasakan hangatnya matahari, menikmati semilir angin dan sejuknya embun. Biarkan cinta itu mekar dan menebarkan keharuman bagi dunia. DECLARE YOUR LOVE BEFORE IT’S TOO LATE!"&lt;/i&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2291020160805381878-4805959061815674195?l=freddysendu.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/feeds/4805959061815674195/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/alasan-terbesar-untuk-mengatakan-aku.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/4805959061815674195'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/4805959061815674195'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/alasan-terbesar-untuk-mengatakan-aku.html' title='Alasan Terbesar untuk Mengatakan &quot;AKU CINTA KAMU&quot;'/><author><name>Freddy Sendu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11011167653902768731</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='25' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQz8CNDxerg/Tnco1HDiYWI/AAAAAAAAAJU/OLRrTCpcKHo/s220/275823_100000599362468_3805398_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RYNMfgpab3Q/Tp4wT9RBcxI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/VD-CTXf7rWk/s72-c/couples-736.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878.post-7187636604993788924</id><published>2011-10-11T08:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-11T08:20:54.122-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Versi Terjemahan Alkitab (Bible Version)'/><title type='text'>Penelitian Kata (Word Study)</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 class="articleTitle" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;Penelitian Kata&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;span class="submitted" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Helvetica, serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;"&gt;Study By:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/byauthor/57/Allen%20Ross" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Allen Ross&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="content clear-block" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline-block; font-family: Helvetica, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 660px;"&gt;&lt;span class="print-link" style="bottom: 0px; display: block; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="print_html" style="margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;a class="print-page" href="http://bible.org/print/book/export/html/3102" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Display a printer-friendly version of this page."&gt;&lt;img alt="Printer-friendly version" class="print-icon" height="16" src="http://bible.org/sites/bible.org/modules/print/icons/print_icon.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-width: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" title="Printer-friendly version" width="16" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="print_mail" style="margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;a class="print-mail" href="http://bible.org/printmail/book/export/html/3102" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Send this page by e-mail."&gt;&lt;img alt="Send to friend" class="print-icon" height="16" src="http://bible.org/sites/bible.org/modules/print/icons/mail_icon.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-width: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" title="Send to friend" width="16" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Bagian Pertama&lt;br /&gt;Pelajaran Tentang Kata-Kata&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Penelitian kata dalam Alkitab sangat diperlukan untuk suatu eksegesis yang akurat dan penting bagi eksposisi yang kaya. Tersedia melimpah tapi seringkali para ekspositor tidak menyadari prosedur yang benar dan perlengkapan yang terbaik.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Diragukan kalau pernah ada suatu penelitian kata yang lengkap, atau pernah bisa dilakukan. Ada buku-buku mengenai kata-kata tertentu, tapi bahkan semuanya tidak memasukan semua data. Terbitan periodic, buku-buku mengenai penelitian kata, dan buku tafsiran semua sangat menolong dalam pengumpulan materi; tapi semua itu harus dengan seksama diuji. Kita harus puas dengan melihat penelitian kata sebagai proses yang terus berlangsung. Tapi, dengan beberapa perlengkapan yang baik dan sedikit latihan ekspositor bisa mempelajari kata dengan mudah dan cepat dan bisa mengerti serta menjelaskan artinya dan penggunaannya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Ada tiga wilayah yang akan dipelajari dalam proses ini: menelusuri penggunaan suatu kata, meneliti etimologinya, dan mensurvey penerjemahannya dalam versi-versi kuno. Sebagian besar buku mengenai hal ini akan memberikan etimologinya terlebih dahulu, dan kemudian berurusan dengan penggunaan serta versinya; tapi kita akan melihat penggunaannya terlebih dahulu, karena ini merupakan langkah yang paling sering digunakan oleh pelajar Alkitab. Pelajaran mengenai etimologi adalah yang paling sulit, tapi karena itu diperlukan untuk mempelajari kata-kata yang jarang dan bermasalah dalam Alkitab, hal ini tidak bisa dihindari. Pelajaran mengenai bagaimana sebuah kata digunakan lebih mudah; dan ini mengenai bagaimana kita melihat dari kata-kata teologi umum. Pelajaran mengenai bagaimana suatu kata diterjemahkan kedalam berbagai versi kuno (dan versi modern) juga lebih mudah karena hal ini berkaitan dengan bahasa; tapi karena buku-buku tafsiran dan eksposisi sering menggunakannya, kita harus tahu bagaimana menggunakannya dengan benar.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Penggunaan Kata&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Mengenai penelitian kata yang cukup sering, terutama istilah kuat Alkitab, prosedur pelajaran kata dasar membutuhkan pelajaran mengenai bagaimana sebuah kata digunakan dalam penulisan. Faktanya, sebaiknya diingat bahwa saat kamus Ibrani atau bahasa Semit lainnya mendaftar suatu arti dari sebuah kata, mereka mendaftar itu atas dasar penelitian mereka tentang bagaimana kata itu digunakan dalam konteksnya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Mengenai pekerjaan eksegetikal dasar untuk ekspositor, sebagian besar usaha akan dilakukan dalam mencari kata-kata dalam konteksnya didalam Perjanjian Lama dan berusaha mengartikulasikan artinya dalam bagian itu. Walaupun benar kalau ada banyak kata-kata yang memiliki penggunaan yang sering (800 kali (sekitar 7000). Jadi seringkali eksegetor melihat seluruh referensi bagi istilah yang dihadapannya. Jika istilahnya merupakan kata yang sangat umum, pekerjaannya harus selektif. Definisi kamus dan etimologi akan memberikan konsep dasar, tapi&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;jangkauan&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;arti&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;penekanan&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;yang&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;tepat&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;berasal dari survey tentang bagaimana kata itu digunakan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Perlengkapan untuk Mempelajari Penggunaan&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Untuk melakukan pekerjaan yang akurat dan baik dalam jangka waktu yang masuk akal, anda harus memiliki beberapa perlengkapan yang baik. Lihat bibliography untuk detil karya-karya yang tersedia.&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Untuk penelitian kata Ibrani anda harus memiliki lexicon atau kamus Ibrani. Karya mendasar adalah Brown, Driver and Briggs (BDB); walau sudah tua, masih berguna. Salah satu yang lengkap oleh Koehler and Baumgartner (KBL).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Kamus yang menyeluruh atau buku-buku mengenai hal ini yang tersedia adalah dua set volume yang diedit oleh Harris, Waltke and Archer, lima volume yang diedit oleh van Gemeren, atau yang lebih besar&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;edited by Botterweck and Ringgren.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Catatan:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Bagi mereka yang tidak mengetahui bahasa Ibrani, volume yang diedit oleh van Gemeren adalah yang paling baik. Seluruh kata disesuaikan kedalam terjemahan bahasa Inggris sehingga pembahasan yang relevan bisa ditemukan dengan cepat dan mudah.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Konkordansi Ibrani yang baik yang bisa membantu dalam melihat penggunaan kata adalah: Solomon Mandelkern, Gerhard Lisowsky, Abraham Eben Shoshan, and Englishmans. Semuanya mengatur referensi dalam Alkitab sesuai dengan istilah Ibraninya. Fakta bahwa sebagian tidak menggunakan frasa Inggris dari ayat-ayatnya tidak menjadi masalah, karena tujuan dari sebuah konkordansi terutama untuk memberi referensi dalam teks. Banyak pelajar lebih memilih Englishmans karena dibawah kata Ibraninya diberi daftar ayat-ayat Alkitab dan disamping setiap ayat frasa dalam bahasa Inggris dimana istilah itu muncul. Masalahnya adalah sebagian besar pelajar bergantung pada arti yang diberikan dalam frasa tanpa melihat konteks dari bagian itu. Mandelkern merupakan investasi yang lebih baik karena bisa digunakan untuk pelajaran tata bahasa, tekstual, dan leksikal. Buku ini mendaftar dibawah setiap bentuk struktur kata dengan ayat-ayat bersangkutan. Seluruh ayat dari istilah itu dipelajari dihalam ituhanya tidak mengikuti urutan dalam Perjanjian Lama. Lisowsky menawarkan suatu daftar langsung dari referensi dibawah setiap istilah Ibrani dan lebih cepat bagi penelitian kata, Eben Shoshan merupakan yang paling uptodate dan mungkin menjadi pembelian lebih baik dari semuanyatapi anda harus terbiasa dengan nama-nama Ibrani dari kitab-kitab dalam Alkitab dan istilah Ibrani bagi setiap pasal dan ayat.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Jika anda tidak mengetahui bahasa Ibrani, anda bisa menggunakan konkordansi dari terjemahan Inggris, tapi hal ini melibatkan beberapa langkah. Youngs Analytical Concordance, sebagai contoh, mendaftarkan kata Inggris, dan kemudian untuk setiap bagian dimana kata Inggrisnya digunakan, diberikan kata Ibrani tertentu. Dibelakang buku, dia mendaftarkan seluruh kata Inggris yang diterjemahkan dari kata Ibrani. Semuanya harus dilihat untuk bisa mendapat keseluruhan daftar bagian dimana kata yang anda cari munculdan itu penggunaan konkordansi.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Selain konkordansi yang baik dan buku mengenai kata, salah satu perlengkapan yang bisa menolong penelitian kata adalah English-Hebrew Old Testament, atau sebuah Interlinear (Kohlenberger). Bahasa Inggris dalam kolom Alkitab mungkin bukan terjemahan terbaik, tapi saat anda melihat bagian itu untuk mempelajari narasi atau ayat untuk menemukan pengertian konteks, sangatlah berguna untuk memiliki bahasa Ibrani disamping bahasa Inggris untuk bisa mencek ekspresi Ibrani yang tepat. Alkitab inter-linear digunakan oleh sebagian orang dengan cara ini, tapi menjadi penghalang karena frasa Ibrani dan frasa Inggris harus dikelompokan bersama karena perbedaan arah penulisan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Kategori Arti&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Prosedur pada dasarnya untuk menemukan referensi dalam Alkitab dimana kata itu muncul, cari semua (atau sebanyak mungkin) untuk menentukan bagaimana kata itu digunakan dalam konteks, dan kelompokan arti yang tepat kedalam kategori berbeda. Sebelum pekerjaan ini dimulai, sangatlah menolong untuk melihat BDB, bagaimana mereka menyebut kategori itu. Seringkali mereka hanya mengatur kata di grammatical sections (Niphal, etc.) atau di subjects (Used of Man, Used of God). Ini memberikan eksegetor arahan dalam mempelajarinya, tapi jangan dianggap sebagai kategori arti, karena mereka sedikit sekali memberitahu tentang bagaimana kata itu harus dimengerti.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Jadi kategori arti yang disediakan oleh eksegetor haruslah ekspresi yang bermakna dari nuansa dasar kata tersebut. Mengatakan bahwa Tuhan adalah subjek, atau kata itu selalu digunakan dalam konteks militer, atau beragam gambaran pendapat, akan sangat menolong dalam pengertian umum dari kata tersebut, tapi tidak banyak memberitahu tentang pengertian dari kata itu. Kita harus mengusahakan kategori yang mencerminkan bentuk tindakan atau situasi yang digambarkan istilah itu. Ini mengharuskan eksegetor menentukan apa yang sedang dihasilkan oleh kata kerja, apa yang digambarkan, apa mood dalam konteks, apakah kata itu literal atau kiasan, dan bagaimana kata itu dihubungkan dengan kata-kata Ibrani lainnya dari akar yang sama.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Sebagai contoh, lihat kata&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;bara&lt;/i&gt;, to create/menciptakan. Etimologi hanya memberikan sedikit pertolongan dalam mengerti istilah ini. Penggunaannya akan menunjukan jangkauan artinya, karena jarang sekali satu definisi, seperti create/menciptakan dalam kasus ini, bisa dengan memadai memberikan pengertian istilah bagi eksegesis. Kita ingin mengetahui lebih banyak tentang jangkauan artinya, bagaimana kata ini digunakan dalam Alkitab. Saat anda melihat bagian-bagian dimana kata ini muncul, anda akan menemukan kalau sebagian besar ada dalam Kejadian dan Yesaya. Kategorinya bisa demikian: istilah ini digunakan untuk ciptaan supernatural Allah terhadap alam semesta (langit, bumi, umat manusia, mahluk, angin, udara, dllsemua bagian ini bisa dikelompokan menjadi satu); istilah ini juga digunakan untuk pembentukan suatu roh baru dan hati baru dalam seorang pendosa, semacam revitalisasi; istilah ini juga digunakan untuk pembentukan bangsa Israel,dll. Didalam setiap kategori anda harus mempelajari bagian-bagiannya untuk melihat dengan tepat bagaimana Tuhan melakukan penciptaan atau pembentukan, cara yang Tuhan gunakan, dan apa hasil yang diinginkan dalam tindakan (lihat tulisan contohu untuk perkembangan).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Saat sebuah kata dipelajari dengan cara ini, ekspositor tidak bisa mendefinisikan penggunaannya hanya dengan satu kata, tapi akan mendapat pengertian yang jauh lebih baik akan jangkauan artinya. Keuntungan lain dari pelajaran ini adalah menemukan rujukan tulisan dan korelasinya yang dibuat penulis dengan bagian lain dari Alkitab.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Kriteria Klasifikasi&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Beberapa persyaratan harus diingat saat mencari bagian-bagian untuk dikelompokan kedalam denominasi:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Lingkaran Konteks&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. Saat sebuah istilah sedang dipelajari suatu perhatian besar harus diberikan pada konteks dimana kata itu ditemukan. Sangat penting untuk meneliti bagaimana suatu istilah digunakan dalam konteksnyajika sebuah kata digunakan 6 kali dalam sebuah narasi, sebagai contoh, kata itu penting dalam pelajaran. Lingkaran berikut dari penggunaannya diperluas ke kitab tidak hanya sebuah pasal, tapi seluruh kitab dimana kata ini muncul (andaikan kitab ini ditulis oleh satu orang Mazmur dan Amsal tidak termasuk). Lingkaran berikut ada dalam tulisan lain yang ditulis penulisnya contoh, Pentateuch. Hal ini bergerak ketulisan lain yang ditulis diperiode yang sama, dan terakhir seluruh Perjanjian Lama. Tingkatan ini tidak selalu bisa dengan mudah diikuti karena kesulitan penanggalan dari beberapa materi Perjanjian Lama. Tapi kepastian tentang bagaimana seorang penulis menggunakan sebuah kata (mis., Daud, Yesaya) akan menerima perhatian utama.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Sebagai contoh, ,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;t&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;shuqa,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;desire/keinginan, muncul dua kali dalam Kejadian (3:16, 4:7) dan sekali dalam Kidung Agung (7:2). Arti dari kata ini dalam 3:16 lebih dekat ke 4:7 daripada ke Canticlestapi para penafsir seringkali melewati petunjuk dalam 4:7 dan mengasumsikan arti dalam 3:16 sama seperti dalam Canticles. Kata itu berarti desire diketiga tempat, tapi konotasinya akan berbeda dalam kitab. Glossarium bahasa Inggri bagi desire memiliki beberapa kategori arti, baik atau buruk.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Tipe Literatur&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Sangat penting untuk melihat penulisan dimana istilah itu digunakan: narasi, puisi, hukum, hikmat, nubuat, dll. Bentuk penelitian kritis telah memberikan banyak observasi hati-hati terhadap kosa kata umu yang digunakan dalam perbedaan tipe mazmur dan narasi. Contoh kata desire yang digunakan diatas bisa juga digunakan disini, dua digunakan dalam penulisan Taurat dan lainnya dalam Kidung Agung&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Hanya karena kata-kata itu muncul dalam tipe penulisan yang berbeda tidak berarti mereka harus berbeda arti. Seringkali mazmur atau kitab para nabi, sebagai contoh, dengan jelas menggunakan istilah dari Taurat tepat seperti Taurat menggunakannya. Disaat yang lain, mereka menggunakan ekspresi itu dan menggunakannya secara kiasan atau ironi. Eksegetor harus waspada saat bergerak kedalam perbedaan tipe penulisan, memastikan bagaimana tulisan itu menggunakan istilahnya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Penanggalan&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. Saya berasumsi kalau kedua pertimbangan (diatas) telah dilakukan, hal ini juga telah dilakukan dalam prosesnya. Bahasa Ibrani dari Perjanjian Lama meliputi abad. Sebuah istilah bisa berubah arti cukup cepat dalam jangka waktu seperti itu. Lihat contoh bahasa Inggris: Saat St. Pauls Cathedral di London dibangun kembali oleh Christopher Wren setelah kebakaran besar, King George menggambarkannya dengan kata-kata amusing/mengganggu, artificial/tiruan, and awful/buruk. Dia menggunakan kata-kata itu untuk menyatakan atau mewakili kata-kata pleasing/menyenangkan, a work of art/suatu karya seni, dan awesome/luar biasa,. Mungkin saja dalam Perjanjian Lama perubahan arti seperti itu terjadi. Sebagai contoh,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;saris,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;didefinisikan sebagai eunuch/sida-sida. Didalam Kejadian, Potiphar adalah seorang eunuchtapi dia memiliki seorang istri seperti yang diketahui setiap orang. Bisa dilihat dari Akkadian kalau keluarga kata bagi bahasa Ibraninya&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;saris&lt;/i&gt;pernah memiliki arti court official/pejabat pengadilan, dan kemudian berarti eunuch. Dimungkinkan untuk mengatakan kalau perkembangan yang sama terjadi dalam bahasa Ibrani, sehingga petunjuk dalam Kejadian ditegaskan benar dalam penggunaannya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Bahasa Kiasan&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. Kata-kata bisa digunakan secara kiasan; sebagian penggunaan secara kiasan mengubah kategori arti.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Disini kita perlu membuat perbedaan antara kiasan tinggi dan kiasan rendah. Maksud kiasan rendah kita merujuk pada sebuah idiom. Sebuah istilah memiliki arti dasar denotativenya, tapi sebagian penggunaan kiasan diperluas kedalam wilayah semantic lain. Jika penggunaan kiasan menjadi sebuah ekspresi tetap, suatu idiom, maka bisa masuk dalam kamus sebagai salah satu arti dari sebuah kata. Didalam bahasa Inggris, kata shepherd/gembala menjadi contoh yang baik. Kata itu pada dasarnya berarti to herd sheep/mengembalakan domba jika dirinci secara etimologis. Jangkauan penggunaan normalnya ada dalam wilayah pemeliharaan binatang. Tapi dengan pengaruh Alkitab kata itu digunakan untuk para pemimpin rohani (dan flock/ternak untuk jemaat). Maka dari itu, kamus biasanya menawarkan definisi kedua, menerangkan kalau itu suatu penggunaan dalam kotbah. Didalam lingkaran keagamaan, faktanya, arti ini menjadi definisi pertama yang diterima pendengar. Saat kiasan menjadi idiomatic, mereka sering disebut dead metaphors. Kiasan rendah penting bagi penelitian kata karena bisa menjadi kategori baru.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Kiasan Tinggi merujuk pada kata yang digunakan diluar jangkauan normal semantiknya, tapi tidak cukup konsisten untuk menjadi idiomatic atau didaftarkan menjadi isi kamus. Sebuah ekspresi seperti he was dead by foul subtraction menggambarkan hal ini. Sebuah istilah matematis digunakan untuk kematian. Istilah subtraction artinya tidaklah death; kata ini tidak akan mendapat definisinya dalam kamus. Tapi dalam baris itu kata ini telah dimasukan kejangkauan semantic dan mendapatkan pengertian emosi. Kiasan tinggi penting karena beragam dalam kategori dan harus diperlakukan berbeda.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Didalam mempelajari kata anda perlu mewaspadai hal ini. Jika anda sampai pada suatu penggunaan dalam bagian tertentu yang kelihatannya keluar dari jangkauan semantic normalnya, anda harus 1) mengerti arti dasar dari kata itu, dan 2) mengartikulasi penggunaan yang dibuat dari kata itu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Jadi, didalam mengatur kategori penggunaan anda akan lebih memperhatikan penggunaan idiomatic. Kamus menggunakan istilah metaphorical secara umum untuk arti figurative / kiasan. Sebenarnya, sangat sedikit kata yang diberikan adalah metaphor dalam pengertian sempitnya. Kita harus berpikir dalam istilah figurative / kiasan untuk saat ini saat istilah seperti itu digunakan. Dua kelompok besar kiasan yang berdampak pada kategori adalah 1) Kiasan&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Pembanding&lt;/u&gt;, and 2) Kiasan&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Pengganti&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;(kita akan mempelajari hal ini secara detil kemudian). Bagi perbandingan ide dasar dari metaphor akan menjadi contoh; bagi pengganti metonymy mewakilinya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Saat sebuah kata digunakan sebagai suatu metafora, sebuah perbandingan dibuat (ini terlalu menyederhanakan, tapi cukup untuk sekarang). Saat sebuah metafora menjadi idiomatic, arti dari kata itu diperluas. Sebagai contoh, shepherd/gembala didalam Alkitab digunakan secara metaforis: Yahweh is my shepherd/Tuhan adalah gembalaku (&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/penelitian-kata" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Ps. 23:1&lt;/a&gt;). Suatu perbandingan dibuat antara seorang gembala dan Tuhankedua kata cocok dalam latar belakang berbeda. Saat kata ini cukup digunakan untuk menjadi tetap, arti kamus, maka arti kamus dari shepherd akan diperluas untuk meliputi penggunaan istilah itu dikedua wilayah semantiknya. Bisa dikatakan arti kata kerja lead to pasture, feed, graze atau yang seperti itu, kemudian dibagi kedalam kategori arti antara leading secara literal atau feeding of animals/memberi makan binatang dan penggunaan kiasannya secara rohani berarti pemimpin pemerintah atau guru. Saat anda mendefinisikan sebuah kata, definisi kata anda (shepherd dalam kasus ini) hanyalah titik awal; anda harus menjelaskan bagaimana kata itu digunakan. Penggunaan idiomatic yang berasal dari kiasan pembanding memperluas arti dasar untuk digunakan dalam wilayah semantic yang berbeda.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Saat sebuah kata digunakan sebagai sebuah metonymy, suatu pengganti dibuat. The pen is mightier than the sword menggunakan pen untuk penulisan, dan sword untuk kekuatan militer. Kiasan ini sangat umum dalam bahasa, dan terutama bahasa Alkitab. They have Moses and the Prophets/mereka punya Musa dan Para Nabi tidak berarti mereka sebenarnya punya Musa, Yesaya, Yeremia, dll. Kalimat itu berarti mereka punya apa yang ditulis orang-orang itu --Alkitab. Karya telah diganti dengan penulisnya. Saat metonymy sering digunakan sehingga bisa menjadi isi kamus, kategori yang menggambarkan setiap penggunaannya akan menunjukan suatu hubungan erat antara arti dasar dan arti kiasannya. Faktanya, kamus seringkali tidak menyebut penggunaan ini sebagai suatu kiasan tapi sangat membantu jika dilakukan saat menjelaskan hubungan antar kategori. Sebagai contoh, !A[;(,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;awon,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;memiliki arti iniquity, tapi bisa juga memiliki arti guilt dan punishment. Arti ini adalah metonymies, guilt untuk iniquity dan punishment untuk iniquity adalah pengganti. Ketiga arti bisa dibuat subdivisions dari suatu definisi yang luas, karena semuanya tetap berada dalam wilayah semantic yang sama dari sin. Tapi semua memiliki kategori arti yang berbeda. Saat Kain berkata My&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;awon&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;is greater than I can bear, kata itu menjadi sangat berbeda jika diberi my iniquity, my guilt, or my punishment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Tema Verbal atau Stem&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. Sebagian dari prosedur mengelompokan kata kedalam kategori arti mereka akan melibatkan pengertian anda akan verbal stems, yaitu.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;qal, niphal, piel, pual, hithpael, hiphil, hophal,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;dan lesser stems. Anda harus melihat materi dasar gramatikal yang meliputi stems ini saat hal ini menjadi penting dalam suatu penelitian kata.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Pada suatu kali anda mungkin menemukan pengelompokan gramatikal ini sangat menolong. Sebagai contoh,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;aman,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;pada intinya melibatkan dua stems,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;niphal&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(to be firm/menjadi teguh, sure/pasti, confirmed, faithful) dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;hiphil&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(to believe/menjadi percaya). Penyelidikan akan mempertahankan&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;hiphil&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;digunakan bersama untuk menentukan apa yang terlibat dalam mempercayai. Hubungan dengan&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;niphal&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(dan mungkin juga&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;qal&lt;/i&gt;) bisa membantu, tapi sebuah peringatan penting dititik inikita tidak bisa memastikan kalau bahasa Ibrani sadar akan hubungan etimologis antar stems. Mengatakan kita mengerti kata itu lebih baik dengan melihat hubungan antar kata; tidaklah berarti mereka mengerti dan menunjukan arti hubungan-hubungan itu. Saya pikir aman mengatakan jikalau ide-ide antar stem dari suatu kata kerja adalah transparent, dan ada bukti dari penggunaan kalau mereka tahu hubungan-hubungan dalam arti (yaitu, permainan kata, secara kontekstual penggunaannya jelas) , kita aman menggunakan hubungan-hubungan itu untuk membantu membentangkan ide. Maksud saya adalah memperingatkan anda terhadap terlalu menyederhanakan pendekatan etimologi tanpa menegaskan ide-idenya melalui penggunaan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Penggunaan Non-Teologis&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. Didalam mencari seluruh kategori penggunaan, anda akan menjumpai penggunaan kata non-teologis. Sebagai contoh,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;rekhem&lt;/i&gt;, seperti yang telah kita lihat, digunakan untuk mercy dan juga womb;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;khata&lt;/i&gt;, digunakan untuk sin dan juga missing a target/tidak kena target. Anda harus menentukan hubungannya, jika ada, diantara dua istilah ini. Apakah bahasa Ibraniatau Amerika moderntahu kata-kata apa yang secara etimologis berhubungan (sebagai contoh, berapa banyak yang tahu ligament dihubungkan dengan obligation; seorang etimologis akan melihat hubungannya, tapi jika anda mendengar seseorang menggunakan kata obligation dalam sebuah pesan, bisakah anda menyimpulkan kalau pembicara sengaja menginginkan hubungan itu?) Disini, kita bebas mengatakan jika hubungan itu transparan, dan jika ada dukungan dari penggunaannya bagi hubungannya, kita bisa menggunakannya untuk membantu pengertian kita. Saya ingin mengatakan kalau ekspositor harus memegang bentuk materi ini sampai penggunaan kata telah dipelajari untuk melihat apa yang akan diusulkan bukti kontekstualnya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Hal ini memunculkan pertanyaan diantara akademisi tentang asal mula satu atas lainnya. Sangat tidak mungkin mengatakan kalau sebuah kata seperti&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Hebrew;"&gt;ajh&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;asal mulanya memiliki arti to miss the mark, a goal, the way dan kemudian dibawa kerealitas teologis dan memiliki arti to err, sin. Sama tidak mungkinnya mengatakan kalau arti teologis mendahului non-teologis. Kita bisa menganggap kalau Tuhan akan menyatakan Dirinya dalam bahasa manusia yang bisa dimengerti, kalau begitu non-teologis adalah dasar. Tapi itu spekulatif; tidak ada bukti penyelidikan sejarah seperti ini. Apa yang ingin saya katakana adalah, jika penggunaan arti non-teologis itu substansial, maka itu harus untuk mengerti arti teologis. Non-teologis biasanya suatu arti lokal dan nyata, (sebagai contoh, miss a mark untuk&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;khata&lt;/i&gt;); teologis seringkali lebih luas dan abstrak ( sin untuk kata yang sama).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Sinonim dan Antonim&lt;/u&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Jika bisa menemukan sinonim atau antonym bagi kata yang sedang anda pelajari, ini bisa meningkatkan pengertian terhadap kata itu. Suatu survey terhadap sinonim utama dari suatu kata merupakan bagian penting dari prosedur, karena anda perlu mempertimbangkan bagaimana kata itu berbeda dari yang lainnya didalam wilayah semantic yang sama, dan mengapa penulis lebih memilih kata itu daripada yang lainnya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Bagaimana anda menemukan sinonim dan antonym? Menurut saya jika anda mempelajari penggunaannya dan menggunakan perlengkapan yang disebutkan dalam pembahasan sejauh ini, anda sudah memiliki sebagian darinya. Sebagai contoh, saat anda melihat kata-kata dalam BDB, katakanlah dibawah&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ratsakh&lt;/i&gt;, to kill, didaftar ayat-ayat dimana puisi Ibrani menggunakan suatu sinonim dalam paralelismnya, dan ayat-ayat ini seringkali dalam parenthesisnya punya dua baris paralel dan istilah Ibrani: ( //&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Hebrew;"&gt;tymh&lt;/span&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;hemit&lt;/i&gt;). Ini artinya ayat tersebut kata dalam parenthesis paralel dengan kata yang sedang dipelajari. Bagaimana tepatnya kata itu paralel menuntut anda melihat bagian itu; hampir tiap saat akan sinonim, tapi terkadang kurang sinonim atau bahkan antitetikal. Put to death jelas sinonim dengan kill (kata-kata lain bisa lebih membantuini hanya ilustrasi).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Saat anda melihat konteks dalam mempelajari penggunaannya, waspadai kata-kata lain dalam konteks. Sebagai contoh, sebuah bagian bisa mengenai holiness (&lt;i&gt;qodesh&lt;/i&gt;) dan membahasnya secara panjang lebar; tapi dalam pembahasan hal itu bisa dikontraskan dengan common atau profane (&lt;i&gt;khalal&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;). Faktanya teks bisa berkata apapun telah profaned dari yang adalah holy. Sebuah antonym seperti profane, common menolong pengertian kita akan kata holy dengan mengkontraskannya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Jika anda tidak bisa menemukan sinonim dari survey anda, ada cara lain menemukannya. Sebuah konkordansi seperti Youngs Analytical Concordance bisa menolong. Lihat kata Ibrani (atau Yunani) anda dibelakang untuk melihat bagaimana kata itu diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa Inggris (AV). Jika anda mencari&lt;i&gt;ratsakh&lt;/i&gt;, anda akan menemukan beberapa kata: kill, murder, atau manslaughter. Anda kemudian harus mencari masing-masing kata itu dalam setiap bagian di konkordansi. Dibawah kata kill anda akan menemukan satu kumpulan kata-kata Ibrani yang diterjemahkan dengan kata kill. Setelah melihat dibeberapa tempat dalam konkordansi, anda seharusnya mendapatkan suatu contoh dari sinonim umum. (Anda juga bisa melihat kata-kata Yunani Perjanjian Baru, dan ini bisa diperhatikan untuk pelajaran lanjutan).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Selain metode ini, perlengkapan referensi bisa membantu. Kamus sinonim dan antonym (dalam bahasa Inggris) bisa membuat anda memikirkan konsep yang bisa dilihat dalam kamus Ibrani, buku mengenai hal ini bisa memberikan pembahasan umum mengenai bagaimana kata-kata itu cocok kedalam wilayah semantiknya. Buku tafsiran dan teologi Perjanjian Lama juga bisa membantu. Sinonim lebih mudah ditemukan daripada antonym; jangan terganggu jika hanya sedikit yang ditemukan dalam langkah ini, tapi evaluasi apa yang bisa anda temukan dengan tujuan mengerti kata itu lebih baik.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Ringkasan mengenai Penggunaan&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Disini secara singkat ingin saya ulang kembali konsep utama dalam melacak penggunaan kata sebelum lanjut ke bagian berikutnya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;1. Lihat seluruh kategori yang diberikan dalam kamus untuk melihat bagaimana mereka mengatur penggunaan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;2. Cari petunjuk dalam Alkitab untuk melihat bagaimana kata itu digunakan dalam konteks. Jangan bergantung pada frase-frase yang digunakan dalam konkordansianda perlu lebih banyak konteks (dan definisi bahasa Inggrisnya bisa menyesatkan anda). Jika kata itu memiliki referensi terlalu banya, selektiflahpertama, lihat referensi yang diberikan dalam kategori yang sama, kemudian referensi bermasalah, dan kemudian lihat penggunaan umumnya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;3. Mulai mengelompokan arti yang mirip dan tulis judulnya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;4. Jika anda menemui penggunaan non-teologis, perhatikan dengan seksama karena bisa menolong mendukung atau menggambarkan bukti, tapi tidak bisa langsung membaca artinya kedalam penggunaan teologis tanpa pengujian,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;5. Jika anda menemui sinonim dan antonym, berusaha menentukan bagaimana kata anda berbeda dari mereka.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;6. Lihat buku mengenai hal ini untuk melihat apakah penulis-penulis itu menyebutkan sesuatu yang anda lewatkan. Jangan terlalu cepat melakukan hal ini; jika anda telah mensurvey penggunaannya, anda lebih diperlengkapi untuk menilai usulan mereka, jika belum, mereka akan lebih mempengaruhi anda,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;7. Letakan penyelidikan kata dalam perspektifnya: hal ini menyediakan arti dan jangkauan arti dari katadigunakan dalam pernyataan. Pernyataan-pernyataan akan membentuk inti teologi. Sebagai contoh, anda tidak membuktikan doktrin kelahiran dari anak perawan dari penyelidikan kata Ibrani&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;alma,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;virgin/young woman; anda belajar kemungkinan kata ini melalui penggunaannya, dan membawanya sebagai pilihan terhadap konteks yang sedang dipelajari. (Doktrin diajarkan melalui pernyataan jelas dari Alkitab) Anda perlu menegaskan pilihan anda melalui eksegesis kontekstual. Jika anda ingin menganggap suatu arti kontekstual pada kata yang tidak ditemukan dalam penggunaan Alkitab, penafsiran anda tidak memiliki dukungan dan dipertanyakan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Etimologi&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Pengertian Etimologi&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Bagian tulisan ini akan memberikan batasan yang jelas bagi pelajaran mengenai etimologis (atau philological) kata-kata Ibrani. Ini merupakan aspek pelajaran yang lebih teknis, biasanya merupakan pekerjaan seorang ahli. Tapi kita tetap harus belajar sumber-sumber dasar dan metode-metode untuk bisa menggunakan penemuan etimologis secara efektif.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Banyak karya telah dihasilkan yang membahas penyalahgunaan etimologis dalam mempelajari Alkitab selama abad-abad yang lalu (dan ini penting karena para pelajar tetap membeli buku-buku yang tidak selalu berdampak baik); kita bisa belajar dari praktek ceroboh dan berbahaya tersebut, betapa pentingnya metode yang benar. Pembahasan yang paling membantu adalah: P. F. Ackroyd, Meanings and Exegesis in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Words and Meanings&lt;/i&gt;, ed. by Ackroyd and Lindars (Cambridge University Press, 1968); James Barr,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Comparative Philology&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;and the Text of the Old Testament&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968); James Barr, Did Isaiah Know About Hebrew `Root Meanings?&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ExT&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;75 (1964); James Barr, Etymology and the Old Testament,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;OTS&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;19 (1974); James Barr,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Semantics of Biblical Language&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961); R. Gordis, On Methodology in Biblical Exegesis,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;JQR&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;61 (1960):93-118; Max L. Margolis, The Scope and Methodology of Biblical Philology,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;JQR&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;NS 1 (1910, 1911):5-41; D. F. Payne, Old Testament Exegesis and the Problem of Ambiguity,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ASTI&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;5 (1967):48-68; S. Ullmann,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Principles of Semantics&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Tulisan dari Barr sangat membantu dalam memisahkan berbagai disiplin yang bisa disebut etymology. Berikut ini adalah daftar hasilnya. (Lihat juga Yakov Malkiel,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Essays on Linguistic Themes&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Oxford, 19681], pp. 199-227).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Etymology A: Rekonstruksi Prasejarah&lt;/u&gt;. Bentuk kegiatan etimologis pertama adalah rekonstruksi bentuk dan pengertian dari yang disebut dengan proto language. Menurut naturnya, Proto Semitic (PS) ada lebih dulu daripada dokumentasi sejarah.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="quote" style="margin-left: 25px; margin-right: 3em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Hebrew&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;amar&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;say berkata&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="quote" style="margin-left: 25px; margin-right: 3em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Arabic&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;amara&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;command perintah&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="quote" style="margin-left: 25px; margin-right: 3em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Ethiopic&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ammara&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;show, know menunjukan, mengetahui&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="quote" style="margin-left: 25px; margin-right: 3em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Akkadian&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;amaru&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;see melihat PS be clear menjadi jelas?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Bentuk rekonstruksi ini melibatkan dua aspek: phonologi dan semantic. Saat kita telah menemukan korespoden phonemes, kita melihat kalau arti dalam bahasa sejarah bisa menunjukan apa arti dalam bahasa leluhur, dan hal ini pada akhirnya bisa menunjukan jalur semantiknya, dalam kasus kita jalur semantic dari tahapan pra-Ibrani untuk membuktikan artinya dalam Alkitab Ibrani.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Perbandingan yang kita jalankan, kegiatan dimana kita menyandingkan sebuah kata Arab atau sebuah kata Akkadian dengan sebuah kata Ibrani, semuanya menunjukan kalau bahasa-bahasanya dan kata-kata yang dipertanyakan memiliki suatu prasejarah yang umum.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Etymology B: Penelusuran Sejarah&lt;/u&gt;. Kegiatan ini melacak bentuk-bentuk dan arti dalam suatu perkembangan sejarah yang bisa diamati. Jika kita tidak bisa menjalankan kegiatan ini sepenuhnya dalam bahasa Ibrani, dikarenakan kurangnya informasi yang memadai. Proses ini tumpang tindih dengan penggunaan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Didalam kasus B kegiatannya lebih kurang hipotetikal dan lebih kurang rekonstruktif dalam karakter: kegiatan ini berjalan didalam satu bahasa yang dikenal dan melacak perkembangan dari suatu akar/kata melalui berbagai tahapan, semuanya meluas dalam dokumen sejarah. Tetap ada beberapa rekonstruksi dilibatkan. Walaupun kita bisa mendapatkan tahap pertama dan tahap kedua dari suatu kata, jalur dari tahap pertama ke tahap kedua jarang diketahui dengan objektifitas mutlak.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Kemudian, bagaimana kita menaksir kemungkinan dari berbagai penjelasan perubahannya. Dua cara: 1) dengan melihat perkembangan masa kini dalam pemikiran dan budaya (perkembangan mengenai korban, pengkodean hukum, dll,); 2) suatu klasifikasi awal, didasarkan pada pengalaman linguistik kita sebelumnya, dari cara-cara dimana arti-artinya memang berubah dan berkembang. Kita juga akan kembali pada hal ini.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Etymology C: Adopsi dari Bahasa Lain&lt;/u&gt;. Bentuk ketiga dari kegiatan ini mengenai penelusuran kebelakang yang disebut loan words/kata-kata pinjaman. Sebagai contoh, kata Ibrani&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;hekal&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;bisa dilacak sampai pada kata Akkadian&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ekallu&lt;/i&gt;, berasal dari Sumerian E.GAL, big house/rumah besar. Tulisan Alkitab bahasa Ibrani memiliki sejumlah kata-kata asing, tapi tidak sebanyak bahasa Inggris (Lihat M. Ellenbogen,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Foreign Words in the Old Testament&lt;/i&gt;). Didalam bahasa Ibrani sesudahnya, adopsi dari bahasa Persia, Yunani dan Latin menjadi lebih umum. Didalam kegiatan ini, tugasnya adalah mengidentifikasi apakah kata-kata itu memang merupakan adopsi, untuk mengenali bahasa awalnya, artinya dalam bahasa itu, dan, jika ada informasi yang mencukupi, tanggal saat diadopsi kedalam bahasa Ibrani.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Selain itu, ada karaguan mengenai perkembangan lebih lanjut kata itu dalam bahasanya sendiri. Pertanyaan mengenai kata&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;hekal&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;cukup kompleks. Tapi fakta kalau kata itu digunakan dalam bahasa Ugaritic menunjukan kalau kata itu dibawa ke cabang Kanaan cukup awal. Tapi berlawanan dengan hal itu adalah pertanyaan mengenai mengapa kata itu tidak pernah digunakan dalam Pentatuch atau Yosua dan Hakim-hakim, dan jarang digunakan dalam kitab Samuel dan para nabi awal. Setiap pembahasan juga harus mengenali kalau dalam bahasa Akkadian kata itu memiliki arti royal palace/tempat terhormat umumnya, dimana dalam bahasa Ibraninya memiliki arti temple/bait.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Menerima kalau derivasi dari&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;hekal&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;itu benar, kita harus melihat apakah informasi ini, walaupun benar, sepenuhnya tidak relevan dengan semantic istilah itu dalam Perjanjian Lama, Karena tidak ada bukti kalau setiap orang Ibrani mengetahui kalau kata itu berasal dari Sumeria atau artinya dalam bahasa itu; pengertian dalam bahasa itu tidak memberikan kesan yang benar terhadap pengertian dalam bahasa Ibraninya. Kata-kata lain, dengan derivasi asing, bisa membawa tekanan yang lebih dalam penggunaannya pada bahasa Ibrani. Masing-masing harus dipelajari dengan kecocokannya, tapi hal yang tidak penting dikeluarkan dari eksegesis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Etymology D: Analisa Morphem&lt;/u&gt;. Disini etymology merupakan suatu pemisahan dan identifikasi anggota bagian dari kata. Permulaan kegiatan seperti itu biasanya dengan mengutip leksikal morphem, akarnya. Hal yang biasanya terjadi adalah orang mengutip bentuk yang paling sederhana, yaitu., bentuk yang paling umum dan paling dikenal, atau bentuk dimana tradisi gramatikalnya merupakan bentuk kutipan umum (&lt;i&gt;qal&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;perfect). Hal dalam etimologi adalah kutipan dari yang termudah, lebih dikenal atau bentuk yang lebih awal. Tapi bisa juga kata itu merupakan suatu derivatif dari bentuk yang lebih sederhana.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Susunan kata-kata tidak umum atau kurang penting dalam Ibrani, kecuali bagi kasus khusus mengenai nama. Tapi kata-kata Ibrani bisa disusun dalam arti lain, yaitu, suatu leksikal morphem dan pola infix. Saat seseorang mengatakan bahwa&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;mispar&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;berasal dari&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;s-p-r,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;itu merupakan salah satu bentuk etimologi. Tapi itu bukan suatu proses sejarah; tidak ada saat dimana&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;s-p-r&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;ada sebelumnya, atau secara independen dari kata yang memasukannya. Akar nya adalah suatu abstraksi dari kata-kata yang meliputi penyimpangan yang sama dan membentuk suatu wilayah semantik (lihat Sawyer).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Kata derivative merupakan istilah yang mendua. Kata itu bisa merujuk pada proses sejarah, bekerja dengan kategori sebelum dan sesudah. Kata itu juga bisa merujuk pada hubungan yang bisa disebut&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;generative&lt;/u&gt;. Hubungan antara&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;s-p-r&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;sepher,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;book/buku, adalah suatu generative.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Pertanyaan apakah suatu arti akar kata bisa secara berguna dan berarti dinyatakan bagi suatu kata Ibrani atau kelompok kata tergantung pada sejarah semantic dari kelompok kata yang dimaksud. Dimana kata-kata itu memiliki akar yang sama dan berada dalam wilayah semantic yang sama, kurang beralasan jika arti dari akar ini tidak diberikan; tapi dikala tidak demikian, maka hubungan semantic antar akar dan kata yang dibentuknya bisa berbeda bagi setiap kata dan hubungan arti kata itu dengan arti akar kata itu hanya bisa didefinisikan dalam istilah histories. Jika ini yang terjadi, maka (berlawanan dengan tradisi) seluruh kata Ibrani tidak bisa diberikan suatu perlakuan yang sama dalam hal ini.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Jika pengidentifikasian akar kata diterima sebagai suatu bentuk dari etimologi, ini akan menjadi suatu campuran dari proses histories dan non-historis, dengan non-historis mungkin awalnya mendominasi.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Etymology E: Perbandingan Serumpun&lt;/u&gt;. Sekarang kita masuk kedalam proses heuristic dimana pengertian dari kata-kata yang tidak jelas dijernihkan dengan petunjuk dari bentuk yang nampaknya serumpun dan arti yang dikenal dalam bahasa lain seperti Ugaritic, Arabic, dan Akkadian. Pembahasan menyeluruh mengenai hal ini, lihat Barr,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Comparative&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Philology.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Didalam kasus A, pengertian Ibrani berfungsi bersama dengan bahasa Arabic dan Ugaritic, etc., sebagai bukti dasar dimana keadaan prasejarah bisa diproyeksikan; dalam kasus E pengertian Ibrani harus ditemukan. Terkadang penemuan baru dari bentuk ini tidak menunjukan kata-kata dari turunan proto-Semitic, tapi kata-kata pinjaman, dan dalam kasus itu mereka bergantung pada metode dari kasus C.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Kesimpulan&lt;/u&gt;. Sebenarnya ada empat tipe kegiatan yang didaftar disini: A-D; E sebenarnya bukan kasus yang baru, hanya suatu penerapan dari C atau (lebih sering) A.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Kita bisa mengeneralisasi dan mengatakan bahwa tidak ada satu saja, entitas yang tertanda jelas yang merupakan etimologi. Etimologi adalah istilah tradisional untuk beberapa bentuk pelajaran, meneliti kata-kata sebagai unit dasar dan tertarik dalam menguraikannya dihubungkan dengan elemen umum yang secara historis lebih awal, yang diambil dalam lingkup pelajaran asal mula, yang kelihatannya lebih dasar sebagai unit arti, atau yang kelihatannya memiliki tempat lebih awal dalam proses menghasilkan yang waras.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Prosedur Etimologikal&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Etimologi adalah pelajaran mengenai sejarah dan perkembangan suatu kata, menggunakan satu atau lebih dari prosedur diatas. Usulan berikut akan menyediakan kerangka praktis untuk mempelajarinya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Definisi Kamus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Pertama, telusuri leksikon untuk definisi dasar. Definisi ini merupakan hasil tertulis dari para lexicographers; mereka menyediakan suatu dasar kerja untuk penelitian kita. Leksikon standar yang digunakan oleh pelajar bahasa Ibrani adalah Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, and Charles Briggs, biasanya disebut BDB. Karya ini mendaftar seluruh istilah yang berkaitan dari satu kata dibawah satu akar tiga simpangan. Banyak hubungan-hubungan etimologis ini terbukti salah, sehingga penilaian kritis diperlukan. Lebih lagi, penafsiranna tidak selalu diterima berkaitan dengan bias teologis dari para penulisnya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Karya besar lainnya adalah leksikon dari Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner (KBL). Ini mungkin berbeda dalam artinya karena lebih uptodate dalam hubungan serumpunnya, terutama dalam daftar Ugaritik. Ini juga memiliki materi yang perlu diuji karena berasal dari suatu metode yang telah ditentang. Kehati-hatian sangat diperlukan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Derivative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Saat kamus anda terbuka, teliti derivativenya, yaitu kata benda, adjectives, adverbs, dan nama-nama yang didaftarkan sebagai kata yang diambil dari kata kerja. Tapi ingat, tugas ini tidak menunjukan kalau kata kerja, the&lt;i&gt;qal&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;perfect tense, telah ada sebelum kata benda atau adjectivesini hanyalah suatu cara yang nyaman untuk menggambarkan kata-kata yang serumpun (dari akar yang sama) dalam bahasa Ibrani.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Didaftarkan setelah pembahasan kata kerja adalah seluruh kata benda, adjectives, prepositions, dan particles yang kelihatannya secara etimologis berhubungan. Disini kehati-hatian diperlukan, karena tidak semua item berasal dari kata kerja ini. Masing-masing harus dinilai untuk diuji apakah memang berhubungan dengan akarnya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Jika kata-kata yang berhubungan memiliki tulisan Ibrani yang sama dalam urutannya yang sebenarnya, dan terdapa arti yang pada umumnya berhubungan, maka mereka mungkin serumpun. Seharusnya ada beberapa hubungan arti yang bisa menolong dalam eksposisi. Ini tidak mengatakan kalau bahasa Ibrani itu sendiri mengerti pengerjaan didalam bahasa mereka sendiri. Seperti dengan orang yang berbahasa Inggris, hanya hubungan akar kata yang umum yang dikenali. Hubungan yang samar menjadi tugas para spesialis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Penelitian Bahasa Serumpun&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Fakta bahwa bahasa-bahasa dari Fertile Crescent memiliki kosa kata dan tata bahasa yang menunjukan kalau mereka dikembangkan dari satu sumber umum. Kesalingterkaitan bahasa-bahasa ini yang membantu penelitian leksikal. Jadi tanpa berusaha merekonstruksi hubungan dalam bahasa-bahasa itu, kita bisa membandingkan stok leksikal dalam bahasa serumpun untuk membantu pengertian kita mengenai kata-kata.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Suatu survey yang sangat umum akan diberikan diparagraf pertama dari kamus Ibrani. BDB, sebagai contoh, akan mendaftar kata-kata dasar yang muncul dalam bahasa-bahasa ini, kecuali bahasa Ugaritik yang ditemukan kemudian. Survey ini akan memberikan ide mengenai bahasa apa yang memiliki kata itu. Jika semua rumpun yang didaftar memiliki arti dasar yang sama, bisa disimpulkan kalau kata itu merupakan suatu istilah yang sudah dikenal dan tidak berubah selama berabad-abad.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Jika arti-arti dari kata dalam bahasa itu sangat berbeda dari Alkitab Ibrani, atau jika kata dalam Alkitab Ibrani itu jarang dan bermasalah, maka penelitian lebih lanjut dalam etimologi menjadi penting. Survey berikut ini akan memberikan suatu pendahuluan terhadap bahasa-bahasa itu dan kamus mereka.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Akkadian.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Bahasa ini, juga disebut Babilonia dan Asiria (terutama dalam BDB) bergantung pada tulisan pada tablets (di Akkad, terutama Babilon dan Niniwe), ditulis dalam cuneiform script pada clay tablets. Ini merupakan bahasa utama bagi keluarga Semit Timur, tapi meluas ke Fertile Crescent sebagai&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;lingua franca&lt;/i&gt;selama berabad-abad.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Sebutan Akkadian berasal dari kota Akkad, ibukota Sargon. Akkadian lama ada sekitar 2500-2000 B.C. Materinya terbatas, tapi gambarannya cepat berubah berkaitan dengan pertalian Akkadian Lama dengan Eblaite ditemukan di Tell Mardikh (di Syria).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Babilonia adalah dialek dari wilayah selatan. Babilonia Lama ada sekitar 2000-1500 B.C., Babilonia Pertengahan sekitar 1500-1000, dan Babilonia Baru sekitar 1000 B.C. sampai pada era Kristen. Tulisan Babilonia (disebut Later Babylonian) digunakan antara 1400 dan 500 B.C. Semua itu menunjukan variasi dialektikal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Assyrian adalah dialek dari bagial wilayah utara; dibagi kedalam Asiria Lama (2000-1500). Asiria Pertengahan (1500-1000) dan Asiria Baru (1000-600).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Ada saatnya sangatlah menolong bisa mengetahui kapan suatu kata menyatakan arti tertentu, merujuk pada arti suatu kata Asiria merupakan suatu petunjuk umum. Kamus yang paling menyeluruh adalah&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Chicago Assyrian Dictionary&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(CAD). Hal yang telah diselesaikan sampai saat ini sangat banyak, memberikan contoh arti dari beragam teks. Tapi belum selesai; karena kata-kata dalam alfabet berikut, leksikon oleh Wolfram von Soden (AHW) harus dicek.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Kamus Akkadian ini sangat mahal; sangat sedikit yang mendapatkannya. Tapi, sangat bijak bisa menggunakannya saat dimungkinkan (sedangkan disini dengan akses perpustakaan), untuk mendapatkan pengertian yang lebih baik dari data leksikal Akkadian dan karena itu bisa mulai mengerti informasi yang diberikan dalam kamus-kamus&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;BDB biasanya mendaftar setiap dan seluruh kata-kata Akkadian sebagai&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Ass. (Assyrian).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Ugaritic.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Ugaritic adalah bahasa dari teks yang ditemukan di Ugarit, Siria. Tulisan ini mungkin mewakili dialek Northwest Semitic. Masa penulisan dari abad 14th dan 13th B.C. Jadi karena hubungan histories, geografis, dan linguistik dengan tulisan Alkitab Ibrani, materi Ugaritik memiliki kepentingan dalam mempelajari Alkitab.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Tablet-tablet Ugaritic ditemukan (di tahun 1927) setelah BDB ditulis (1907), jadi datanya tidak termasuk didalamnya. KBL memasukannya, tapi hanya daftar arti dasar dari istilah yang diperbandingkan. Untuk karya yang lebih lengkap kita harus melihat Cyrus Gordons&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Ugaritic Textbook&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;untuk glossarynya Bisa juga serangkaian tulisan mengenai Leksikografi Ugaritik yang ditulis oleh Mitchell Dahood in Biblica; J. Aisleitners book,&lt;i&gt;Worterbuch das Ugaritischen Sprache (WUS)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;bisa juga dipertimbangkan demikin juga I. Cohens&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Hapax Legomena in the Light of Akkadian and Ugaritic.&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Aramaic.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Aramik Lama adalah bahasa dari Aramaic inscriptions diabad kesepuluh sampai kedelapan B.C. Classical atau Imperial Aramaic adalah bahasa yang digunakan dibahasa pemerintahan Asiria, Babilonia, dan Persia (abad ketujuh sampai keempat B.C.). Suatu tipe dari Classical Aramaic diwakili oleh Biblical Aramaic (BA) yang ditemukan dalam&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/penelitian-kata" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Gen. 31:47&lt;/a&gt;;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/penelitian-kata" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Jer. 10:11&lt;/a&gt;;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/penelitian-kata" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Ezra 4:8&lt;/a&gt;--6:18, 7:22-26; dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/penelitian-kata" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Dan. 2:4&lt;/a&gt;--7:28. Penanggalan dari material ini telah diperdebatkan oleh kritik-kritik.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Aramaic kemudian dibagi antara dialek utara dan Timur. Aramaic Utara diwakili oleh Nabataean, bahasa dari populasi Arab di Petra (abad pertama B.C. sampai ketiga A.D.); Palmyrene, bahasa dari populasi Arab di Palmyra berasal dari periode yang sama; Aramaic Yahudi Palestina, bahasa yang diucapkan di Palestina selama masa Kristus, diwakili dalam Genesis Apocryphon (Dead Sea Scrolls [DSS]) dan Palestinian Targum (demikian juga Jerusalem and Targumim Onkelos and Jonathan).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Aramaic Timur diwakili oleh Syriac. Ini pada mulanya merupakan bahasa dari Edessa, tapi kemudian hari mengembangkan suatu tulisan Kristen dari abad ketiga sampai ketigabelas A.D. Babylonian Aramaic adalah bahasa yang digunakan oleh Babylonian Talmud (abad keempat sampai keenam A.D.). Mandaean adalah bahasa dari sekte Gnostic Mandaeans (abad ketiga sampai kedelapan A.D.).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Untuk tulisan Aramik dalam Alkitab, BDB, dan sebagian besar kamus lainnya, memasukan suatu bagian pembanding dibelakang dengan definisi-definisi serta referensi-referensinya. Untuk Aramik yang kemudian, dua volume oleh Jastrow (telah disebut sebelumnya) merupakan keharusan. Untuk tulisan lebih awal (bisa saja membantu), tiga volume oleh Donner and Rollig termasuk suatu glossary istilah. Untuk Syriac, Payne-Smith adalah perlengkapan yang perlu dilihat.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Arabic&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;secara linguistik rumit karena merangkul seluruh ucapan diseluruh wilayah Arab. Ancient or Epigraphic South Arabian (ESA) adalah bahasa dari kota South west Arabian kuno (tertanggal sekitar abad kedelapan B.C. sampai abad keenam A.D.). Dialeknya adalah Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabanian, Hadrami dan Awsaniian.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Penulisan Pra-klasik Arab Utara ada pada abad kelima B.C. sampai ke abad keempat A.D.; mereka adalah dialektika Tamudic, Lihyanite, dan Safaitic. Tapi Klasik Utara biasanya yang kita kenal dengan Bahasa Arab. Bahasa ini mencapai puncaknya dalam puisi Arab Pra Islam dan selanjutnya dalam Quran (abad ketujuh A.D.). Difusi dan kelanggengannya berkaitan dengan penyebaran Islam.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Bahasa Arab secara gramatikal sangat penting karena telah dijaga secara konservatif. Tapi, bahasa itu secara etimologis dan leksikografis tidak selalu sepenting seperti bahasa-bahasa yang lebih dekat waktu dan geografisnya dengan tulisan Alkitab Ibrani. Jika digunakan dengan hati-hati, beberapa pengertian bisa diperoleh. Karya yang terlengkap untuk bahasa Arabik adalah bervolum-volum leksikon oleh William Lane. Untuk menggunakannya, kita perlu memiliki sebagian pengetahuan mengenai bahasa Arab, setidaknya tahu mengenai alfabetnya. Kamus lain yang bisa dipertimbangkan adalah Hans Wehrs&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Modern Arabic Dictionary.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Ini lebih mudah karena bahasa Arabnya telah di-transliterated ke Arab modern. Tapi, kita harus ingat pengubahannya adalah bahasa Arab modern; sebelum membuat keputusan tafsiran yang didasarkan atas informasi ini, persyaratan lain harus diperhatikan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Ethiopic.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Etiopia Kuno (atau Geez) pertama kali dibuktikan dalam beberapa abad awal A.D. Bukti terkuat ada dalam penulisan the great Aksum dari abad keempat. Itu kemudian mengembangkan suatu tulisan keagamaan yang secara eksternal dari awalnya mendominasi sampai ke masa modern (diwakili oleh Tigrina, Tigre, Amharic, dan Gurage).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Ada banyak buku yang tersedia mengenai materi leksikal dari bahasa-bahasa semitik, tapi tidak membantu dengan konsisten seperti yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya. Franz Rosenthals&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Aramaic Handbook&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;memiliki suatu glossary singkat untuk kosa kata fpm texts dari masa Achaemenid, dari tulisan-tulisan Syriac, Samaritan, atau dari Palmyrene, Nabatean dan berbagai cabang lainnya. Seringkali hal ini bisa menolong menelusuri suatu kata sampai ke materi penulisan awal seperti Palaeo-Hebrew atau Aramik Lama. Selain karya Donner and Rollig, Dictionary of Northwest Semitic Inscriptions oleh Jean and Hoftijzer bisa membantu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Definisi Ibrani Sesudahnya.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Salah satu kesalahan paling umum dalam meneliti kata-kata adalah mengabaikan Ibrani yang kemudian, Disini kita memiliki seluruh tulisan Rabinis Ibrani, yang ada dalam kelanjutan budaya dan linguistik Alkitab Ibrani. Lebih lagi, ada usaha yang dilakukan oleh para Rabi untuk menggunakan kata-kata dalam tulisan-tulisan suci dengan cara yang sama dengan penggunaannya dalam Alkitab. Salah satu keuntungan mempelajari wilayah ini adalah penggunaan istilah itu mungkin terdapat dalam pembahasan disalah satu bagian tulisan-tulisan suci.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Karya standar untuk materi ini adalah Jastrow,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Karya ini memasukan pembahasan mengenai Mishnaic Hebrew (MH, yang BDB sebut NH).dan Aramaic, untuk penulisan ditulis dikeduanya. Cara mengatakan mana yang sedang dibahas (jika ini sama sekali baru bagi anda) adalah melihat abbreviations.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Pi.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ibraninya&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Piel&lt;/i&gt;, tapi&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Pa.&lt;/i&gt;. setara dengan Aramiknya. Istilah Aramik lainnya adalah&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;P&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(=&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Qal&lt;/i&gt;),&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Af&lt;/i&gt;. atau&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Hap.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(=&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Hiph&lt;/i&gt;). Untuk pembahasannya, lihat Moscatis&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Comparative Grammar,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;atau Rosenthals&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic.&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mishnah&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;didalamnya ada pengajaran-pengajaran para Rabi awal dari B.C. 300 sampai A.D. 300. Materi ini meliputi topik biblical yang luas, sebagian besar mengenai hukum atau legislative. Ini ditulis dalam Mishnaic Hebrew (Lihat Segal,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mishnaic Hebrew&lt;/i&gt;). Referensi bagi materi ini mengikuti suatu format traktat --pasal--ayat:&lt;i&gt;Sanhedrin&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;3:5.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Talmud&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;memasukan traktat-traktat dari Mishnah dan menambah setiap bagian suatu&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Gemara&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;dalam bahasa Aramik.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Gemara&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;adalah tulisan mengenai penjelasan Rabinis sesudahnya dari Mishrmh. Referensi bagi Talmud berbeda:&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Sanhedrin 23a&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(merujuk pada halaman atau kolom dalam traktat).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Midrash&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;pada intinya adalah eksposisi Yahudi (&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;haggadah&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;bukannya&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;halakah&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu, eksposisi bukan pengajaran-pengajaran hukum. Sangat sulit ditentukan penanggalannya. Nilainya untuk penelitian kata lebih sedikit dari nilainya bagi eksposisi bagian-bagiannya. Referensi bagi koleksi-koleksi midrashim berbeda, tapi untuk koleksi Rabba dasar, referensinya merupakan nama dari kitab itu:&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Genesis Rabba 15:1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Untuk koleksi lainnya lihat abbreviations dalam buku Jastrow, atau Danby (&lt;i&gt;The Mishna&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Targum&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;adalah suatu terjemahan, seringkali paraphrastic, dari Kitab Suci, ditulisa dalam bahasa Aramik. Ini mewakili pembacaan resmi Kitab Suci dalam Sinagoge. Nilainya bagi penelitian kata bergantung pada seberapa teliti terjemahan targumik dilakukan dikitab itu atau setidaknya konteks dimana kata itu ditemukan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ringkasan: Langkah-langkah Praktis dalam Menelusuri Etimologi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Sebelum kita melihat prosedur untuk mempelajari penggunaan suatu kata, mana yang lebih penting dan kurang terlibat, kita harus meringkas prosedur dalam melakukan etimologi. Seperti yang anda lihat, penelitian etimologi bisa sangat terlibat dan mendetil. Tapi, dalam banyak kasus suatu kata yang jarang digunakan dipelajari (dan disinilah etimologi begitu penting, karena tidak banyak penggunaannya yang bisa dilacak) kata itu tidak muncul disetiap bahasa atau serumpunnya, sehingga langkahnya terbatas pada satu atau dua tempat pengecekan, menurut suatu kamus Arab, atau kamus Rabinis Ibrani.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;1. Tentukan apakah anda perlu atau tidak menelusuri etimologi suatu kata. Jika kata yang sedang anda pelajari memiliki banyak penggunaan dalam Perjanjian Lama, latar belakang etimologikal dari kata itu hanya perlu diamati untuk melihat jika kata itu merupakan suatu kata yang stabil didalam sejarahnya, atau apakah kata itu kelihatannya berubah arti dari budaya ke budaya, atau abad ke abad. Satu lagi alasan menggunakan etimologi untuk suatu kata Ibrani yang sering digunakan adalah untuk mencari beberapa penggunaannya yang mirip dalam bahasa serumpun yang bisa membantu menggambarkan artinya tapi arti akan ditentukan oleh penggunaan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;2. Periksa paragraph pertama dari kamus untuk daftar singkat bahasa serumpun bagi kata itu. Kamus-kamus perlu digunakan dengan hati-hati karena mereka berusaha membuat hubungan etimologis disemua kata, bahkan saat mereka tidak pasti akan keakuratannya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;3. Jika arti dari bahasa serumpun tidak harmonis, atau jika anda memerlukan bukti lebih lanjut untuk bisa mengerti daftar, maka anda perlu melihat beragam kamus untuk mendapat informasi. Tentu, prosedur ini akan sangat sulit bagi banyak orang setelah mereka meninggalkan seminari dan jauh dari perpustakaan. Kita bisa membeli buku, atau membeli software yang ada buku-buku itu didalamnya, atau hanya bergantung pada sumber sekunder dalam menyelesaikan penelitian mereka (selalu tidak pasti). Jika yang pertama kasusnya, maka didalam seminari anda perlu menguji buku-buku itu sebanyak mungkin untuk mendapatkan pengertian bagaimana andalnya mereka bagi anda untuk digunakan dikemudian hari.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;4. Coba letakan penggunaan dalam bahasa serumpun yang telah terbukti kedalam suatu kerangka histories dan budaya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;5. Jika anda menemukan suatu arti yang baik dalam bahasa serumpunnya yang kelihatannya konsisten, jangan menganggap itulah artinya dalam bahasa Ibrani. Anda harus mengujinya melalui penggunaan kata itu dalam bahasa Ibrani,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;6. Pelajari inti bahasa serumpun Ibrani, disebut derivatives. Lihat kata apa lagi yang digunakan dalam Perjanjian Lama yang berasal dari akar yang sama (yaitu, memiliki urutan huruf yang sama dan kelihatannya memiliki hubungan dalam artinya). Walau demikian hati-hati dengan hal ini. Kamus-kamus mendaftarkan kata-kata yang mereka anggap berhubungan sebagai derivative. Mungkin saja tidak ada hubungan sama sekali.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="listnumber" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;7. Pastikan untuk mempelajari Rabinik Ibrani, karena hal ini memberikan kelanjutan budaya bagi kata itu. Hal ini penting karena rabi-rabi berusaha menggunakan kata-kata sedekat mungkin dari Alkitab, terutama karena tulisan mereka bertujuan menjelaskan Alkitab.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Bukti dari Ragam Versi&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Versi-versi Kuno&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Versi kuno terjemahan Yunani Perjanjian Lama adalah yang paling banyak digunakan. Para ekspositor modern hanyalah tidak bisa mengontrol informasi dari Targum Aramik, Syriac Peshitta, atau Latin Vulgate, yang paling penting. Faktanya, dari memperhatikan karya yang telah dilakukan dengan bahasa Yunani, kita berpikir apakah mereka bisa mengatasi hal itu juga. Pada intinya, pembahasan ini akan berkaitan dengan Perjanjian Lama Yunani, salah satu masalah tertajam dari pelajaran eksegetikal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Kesarjanaan modern memperdebatkan terminology popular yang menyebut Yunani kuno diatas dengan Septuagint (LXX, tujuh puluh, didasarkan pada tradisi itu). Hal ini juga akan diselesaikan dalam tulisan ini; tapi ingat, Septuagint tidak pernah ada jika dengan mengatakan Septuagint orang bermaksud mengatakan suatu terjemahan Perjanjian Lama yang diedit dan disatukan. Kritik tekstual dengan teori-teori transmisi tekstualnya harus lebih dulu dimengerti sebelumnya terhadap bahasa Yunani.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Kita seringkali membaca didalam buku-buku tafsiran dan tulisan-tulisan LXX dibaca dan seterusnya, secara teksnis, kita tidak punya cara untuk mengetahui apa yang dibaca dari LXX. Hal yang dimaksud pernyataan ini adalah jika kita menerjemahkan kata Yunani kita harus kembali ke bahasa Ibrani, kita curiga kalau kata aslinya mungkin memiliki bentuk Ibraninya. Didalam praktek yang sebenarnya, orang akan mengatakan apa yang dibaca LXX, atau apa yang ditunjukan versi lainnya, dan kemudian memilih pembacaan yang paling menarik bagi mereka dan membentuk ulang (menulis ulang) teks Ibraninya (atau artinya). Prosedur ini biasanya diikuti saat bahasa Ibraninya sulit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Apa yang kita ketahui mengenai LXX (dan versi utama lainnya) adalah mereka melihat tanda tertentu dalam teks mereka yang mereka terjemahkan, dan mereka menciptakan tanda baru (bahasa mereka) dalam manuscript mereka. Kita hanya memiliki akses terhadap bukti setelah diubah, dan hanya melalui manuscript salinan dan turunan dari versi aslinya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Tapi nilai dari versi-versi itu dalam philologis Ibrani sangat besar. Seringkali mereka menyediakan pengertian yang berbeda dari teks yang sama, suatu pengertian yang harus dievaluasi. Bahkan jika mereka memiliki terjemahan yang salah, mereka menunjukan pada kita bagaimana kira-kira para penerjemah mengerti kata-kata itu. Sebagai contoh, Mikah 1 diterjemahkan dengan sangat buruk. Bagian itu termasuk beberapa permainan kata mengenai nama-nama kota dan desa dari Shephelah (lowlands). Tapi para penerjemah LXX kelihatannya tidak tahu kalau banyak dari kata itu adalah nama-nama desa dan hanya menerjemahkannya begitu saja. Kesalahan fatal ini sangat menolong untuk mengerti arti dari kata-kata itu saat diterapkan kedalam permainan kata.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Peringatan dalam Menggunakan Yunani Kuno&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="taba" style="margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;1) Ingat bahwa mungkin sajar LXX telah diterjemahkan dari suatu teks Ibrani yang berbeda dari MT. Ini memiliki percabangan bagi kritik tekstual dan juga philology. Tapi hal ini hanya salah satu penjelasan mengapa LXX memiliki suatu bentuk yang berbeda dan tidak diharapkan bagi bahasa Ibrani, jadi jangan berlebihan menggunakannya seperti yang dilakukan beberapa orang.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="taba" style="margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;2) Ingat sejarah versi teks itu sendiri dan kemungkinan adanya kerusakan. Turunan kemudian dari bahasa Yunani berusaha membawa teks agar sejalan dengan Ibrani, dan sedikit bukti ini harus diinvestigasi sebagai bagian dari setiap penggunaan LXX. Anda tidak bisa mengatakan suatu kata Yunani sama artinya dengan suatu kata Ibrani jika turunan Yunani lainnya cukup tidak memuaskan untuk menggantinya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="taba" style="margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;3) Waspadalah terhadap metode penerjemahan yang digunakan dalam beragam versi. Tentu saja, ini hanya jika anda sedang mempelajari satu kata Ibrani. Jika anda meneliti satu kata Yunani dan ingin tahu bagaimana kata itu digunakan dalam LXX, konteks dari penggunaan kata itulah yang perlu dilihat. Bahasa Ibrani apa yang harus diterjemahkan darinya merupakan masalah lain. Saat anda mencari penggunaan suatu istilah Yunani dalam satu bagian, anda harus menyusuri konteksnya untuk melihat bagaimana tindakan penerjemah dengan Ibrani umum dan jelas dari bagian itu. Ini akan menolong anda menentukan keahliannya. Barr (&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;pp. 249 ff.) menyelidiki karakteristik dan metode yang digunakan dalam LXX:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tabb" style="margin-left: 6em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;a) Mungkin ada terjemahan yang tidak tepat. LXX sering menggunakan kata-kata umum untuk menutupi kata-kata teknis (mereka mungkin ada dalam wilayah semantic yang sama tapi tidak tepat). Mengenai hal ini kita harus melihat konteks untuk melihat keahlian penerjemah (dan juga mengetahui sesuatu tentang kualitas umum dari buku itu sendiri).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tabb" style="margin-left: 6em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;b) Mungkin ada kata-kata yang disenangi (favorite) oleh versi itu. Greek Psalter akan menggunakan satu kata dengan bebas untuk beberapa kata Ibrani. Sebagai contoh, beberapa kata Yunani digunakan untuk menerjemahkan 15 atau 20 kata Ibrani yang berbeda. Jelas, pentingnya mengetahui kata Yunani ini yang digunakan buat satu kata yang mungkin sedang anda pelajari bisa minim. Peringatannya jelas: hati-hatilah. Hatch dan Redpath menulis daftar kata-kata Yunani dan Ibrani yang saling berhubungan dalam LXX, tapi melihat dengan seksama pada kitab itu dan konteks dimana kata itu ditemukan sangatlah penting. Anda harus menentukan apakah kata Yuani itu secara hati-hati dipilih dan merupakan penjelasan tepat dari Ibraninya, sebelum anda berbuat banyak tentang ide Yunaninya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tabb" style="margin-left: 6em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;c) Mungkin ada etimologisasi. Kata bisa ditafsirkan dengan melihat arti dari kata lain (biasanya yang lebih dikenal) dalam bahasa Ibrani yang memiliki kemiripan dengannya, dan bisa diambil sebagai akar. Prosedur ini biasa dilakukan dalam turunan Yunani sesudahnya. Sebagai contoh, Aquila berusaha menggunakan kata-kata Yunani yang konsisten dihubungkan dengan kata-kata Ibrani dari penggambaran tertentu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tabb" style="margin-left: 6em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;d) Mungkin ada penulisan kembali secara bebas dari teks itu. Ada saatnya penerjemah tidak tahu apapun bagaimana pembacaannya dalam bahasa Ibrani, tapi tahu dari pengetahuan umum, atau dari konteks, hal demikian bisa jadi. Pendekatan ini menghasilkan suatu sentimen kalau itu merupakan ide penerjemah, dihubungkan sana sini dengan kata-kata dalam Ibrani asli. Amsal dan Ayub sering melakukan hal ini. Sebagai contoh,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/penelitian-kata" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Prov. 17:14&lt;/a&gt;dalam MT: The start of strife is one who lets out water / so let go before a dispute breaks out. Kalimat ini diterjemahkan dalam LXX The beginning of righteousness gives authority to words but quarrelsomeness and fighting lead to poverty.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="taba" style="margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;4) Pertimbangkan seluruh bukti. Materi dari bahasa Yunani akan menjadi dukungan bagi philology jika bersandar pada bukti yang lebih dari satu sumber (versi atau bahasa serumpun). Seringkali mempelajari beragam versi dalam meneliti satu kata yang jarang digunakan dan sulit akan tumpang tindih dengan kritik tekstual ditahap pengumpulan bukti. Saat mengevaluasi bukti philologis, hati-hati:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tabb" style="margin-left: 6em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;a) Ada kemungkinan kesalingbergantungan antar versi. LXX mungkin telah dipengaruhi oleh Targum; atau Peshitta dan Vulgate mungkin hanya mengikuti LXX.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tabb" style="margin-left: 6em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;b) Beberapa versi mungkin mengikuti suatu penafsiran Yahudi atas bagian itu. Jadi jika sama, janga berasumsi mereka bisa begitu melalui tradisi atau penelitian yang terpisah.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tabb" style="margin-left: 6em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;c) Bukti dari bahasa Ibrani sesudahnya (tulisan Rabinis) bisa menjadi dukungan kalau kata itu ada dimasa penulisan kitab itu; atau tidak mendukung kalau kata itu digunakan kemudian yang menggantikan kitab Ibrani.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="taba" style="margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;5) Ingat kalau arti dari teks Yunani tidak selalu jelas dan bebas dari ambiguitas. Jangan mengira kalau Ibraninya mengaburkan versi itu akan membawa anda kedalam kegelapan. Para penerjemah dari versi-versi kuno mungkin saja memiliki kesulitan dengan kata-kata yang sama. Tapi didalam mengevaluasi terjemahan LXX, perhatikan hal-hal berikut:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tabb" style="margin-left: 6em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;a) Arti Yunani jauh dari sederhana. Itu tidak semata tumpang tindih dengan pelajaran Perjanjian Baru anda. Tidak ada tata bahasa dan leksikon buat LXX,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;per&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;se.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Anda harus menggunakan suatu kamus seperti Liddell and Scott (jika ada yang seperti Liddell and Scott) untuk artinya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tabb" style="margin-left: 6em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;b) Beberapa kata Yunani mungkin bentuk gabungan dari Yunani awal, Semitic, atau Mesir; atau, mereka hanya menyatakan suatu ekspresi (seperti yang terjadi dengan Aquila). Penggunaan kamus mungkin tidak akan berguna dalam hal ini.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tabb" style="margin-left: 6em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;c) Beberapa kata Yunani memiliki pengertian khusus yang berbeda dari Yunani biasa. Sebagai contoh,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;dunamis&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;dalam LXX membawa makna army, tidak hanya power. Jangan memiliki anggapan triangle reasoning bagi kata-kata dalam Alkitab, artinya, suatu kata Yunani dalam Perjanjian Baru setara dengan kata yang sama dalam LXX, yang merupakan suatu terjemahan dari satu kata Ibrani, yang kemudian setara dengan kata Yunani dalam Perjanjian Baru. Hal ini bisa salah diketiga persamaan itu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tabb" style="margin-left: 6em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;d) Aramik dan Syriac mungkin pernah berusaha mengimitasi Ibrani asli. Mungkin ada saat berbeda dari aslinya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="taba" style="margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;6) Beragam versi biasanya tidak memberikan batasan yang bisa diandalkan mengenai struktur kata aslinya, yang terkadang terbebani pada penyelidikan kata (walau lebih sering mempengaruhi karya tekstual). Mengatakan LXX mengerti suatu kata sebagai perfect tense (karena menggunakannya atau bahkan aorist) menyesatkan. Tensis itu dinyatakan oleh suatu perfect, preterite, atau infinitive.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="taba" style="margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 3em;"&gt;7) Kualitas terjemahan beragam dari kitab ke kitab. Anda perlu lebih dulu mengetahui kitab mana yang dianggap terjemahan yang hati-hati dan akurat, dan yang merupakan terjemahan bebas dan paraphrastic.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Expositors Bible Commentary&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;menawarkan suatu survey singkat mengenai penemuan dari para sarjana Septuagint yang mengerjakan kitab tertentu: Swete menyimpulkan, sebagian besar penerjemah belajar Ibrani di Mesir dari para pengajar yang buruk, dan Barr menyimpulkan, para penerjemah ini menciptakan vowels untuk teks yang tidak diketahui. Tapi, terjemahan kitab secara individu beragam tergantung latar belakang dan keahlian setiap penerjemah. Kecuali dalam bagian-bagian seperti Kej. 49, Ul 32,33, Pentateuch secara keseluruhan merupakan terjemahan yang dekat dari turunan Ibrani yang baik. Mazmur bisa ditoleransi dilakukan dengan baik, walau Ervin menyimpulkan kalau teologi Helenistik Yahudi meninggalkan tanda atasnya. Mengenai Yesaya, Seeligman menyimpulkan: banyaknya ketidak konsistenan yang dibahas harus dituduhkan pada metode kerja penerjemah yang tidak ditahan dan sembrono, dan kepada pilihan sadar akan pengenalan variasi. Dia menambahkan, kita jangan, memberi ketidak adilan bagi penerjemah dengan tidak menilai tinggi pengetahuan tata bahasa dan sintaksnya. Mengenai Hosea, Nyberg menemukan: susunannya dipenuhi kesalah pengertian, pembacaan yang miskin, dan definisi leksikal yang dangkal dan seringkali disamakan secara paksa dengan bahasa rumpun Aramiknya. Kesewenangan dalam pemilihan merupakan karakteristik dari penafsiran ini. Albrektson berkomentar mengenai Ratapan: LXX, bukan terjemahan yang baik dalam kitab ini. Tapi ini tidak berarti terjemahannya tidak bernilai bagi kritik teks. Sebaliknya, karakter literalnya seringkali mengijinkan kita menegaskan dengan suatu tingkat kepastian terhadap teks Ibraninya; terjemahan ini jelas didasarkan pada suatu teks yang pada intinya identik dengan konsonan dari MT; memang, ada bagian-bagian dimana itu berisi suatu varian sangat sedikit. Gerleman berkomentar mengenai Ayub: penerjemah menafsirkan teks sebaik mungkin, dengan bantuan imajinasinya dia berusaha meletakan suatu arti yang bisa dimengerti kedalam bahasa aslinya yang dia tidak mengerti. Dia menambahkan, banyaknya derivasi antara kitab Ayub bahasa Ibrani dan Yunani tidak berkaitan dengan fakta bahwa aslinya LXX pada intinya berbeda dari teks Ibrani kita. Mereka muncul saat proses penerjemahan, dan singkatnya adalah hasil dari suatu proses penerjemahan dimana kesulitan bahasa asli tidak diatasi. Swete menyimpulkan kalau terjemahan nabi-nabi kecil seringkali tidak bisa dimengerti. Dalam kasus Yeremia, teks yang diwakili oleh LXX menyimpang cukup banyak dari MT sehingga bisa dianggap dari edisi yang berbeda. Tapi LXX dari Samuel, sebagian dari Raja-raja, dan Yehezkiel bernilai khusus karena teksnya disimpan oleh Masoretes kitab ini menjaganya dengan baik. Shenkel menyimpulkan kalau Yunani Kunonya mempertahankan kronologis aslinya dari Omri ke Jehu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Survey ini akan menunjukan tidak adanya satu terjemahan utuh sama yang dikenal dengan Septuagint, tapi merupakan terjemahan individu-individu berbeda dari bagian-bagian Perjanjian Lama. Survey ini akan memberikan anda suatu pandangan umum dari bagian utama; anda tetap perlu memperhatikan konteksnya untuk melihat seberapa tepatnya setiap bagian dikerjakan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Pernyataan Penutup&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;1) Ingat kalau bagian yang sulit bagi kita juga sulit bagi mereka. Mereka harus bekerja dari suatu teks tidak jelas dalam suatu konteks. Tidak heran kalau ada saatnya mereka menggeneralisasi, paraphrase, atau etymologize. Tapi ada saatnya mereka bisa benar dan tepat. Jadi evaluasi bukti dengan hati-hati.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;2) Para penerjemah LXX menggunakan bahasa Ibrani setelah mereka mempelajarinya, dan pelajarannya dari guru yang buruk di Mesir. Mereka memiliki beberapa kesempatan untuk mendapatkan penafsiran tradisional dari Yahudi di Palestina. Mereka melakukannya dengan baik, tapi pengertian bahasanya kurang. Mereka mengenal bahasa Ibrani biasa, rata-rata. Tapi pada sesuatu yang tidak biasa dan jarang mereka sering menyamakan kosa katanya dan memperlakukan yang tidak biasa seperti biasa. Jadi hati-hati menggunakannya dalam menentukan kata-kata yang jarang dan sulit, kecuali kitab dan konteksnya dikerjakan dengan sangat baik.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;3) Waspada terhadap turunan dan revisi. Terjemahan Yunani telah diubah oleh revisi berikutnya untuk diharmonisasikan dengan teks Ibraninya. Kompilasi yang dilakukan oleh F. Fields terhadap materi&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Hexapla&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;sangat membantu kita melihat kata-kata Yunani mana yang telah diubah.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;4) Saat anda mungkin merasa lebih nyaman dengan Perjanjian Lama Yunani daripada versi lainnya, jangan secara otomatis menyimpulkan kalau LXX merupakan saksi utama. Jika ada kata-kata yang jarang, pengetahuan mengenai kata itu mungkin telah mati seturut masa lalu, bukankah pengetahuan ini bisa saja masih ada diantara orang Yahudi berbahasa Aramik di Sinagoge daripada yang berbahasa Yunani? Bagi mereka yang mengenali Aramik, tulisan Rabinis menawarkan sejumlah besar informasi penafsiran.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;5) Jadi, berurusan dengan kata yang jarang atau sulit, setelah anda telah mempelajari materi etimologisnya, selidiki sebanyak mungkin versi lain. Coba mengevaluasi pilihan kata dalam berbagai versi dan mengapa mereka dipilih. Jika anda seluruhnya bekerja dengan bahasa Yunani, gunakan Liddell and Scott, dan hati-hati agar tidak menganggap arti kata Yunaninya tidak berubah dimasa Perjanjian Baru.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;6) Jika anda mempelajari suatu kata umum dalam Perjanjian Lama, melihat beragam versi mungkin bukan langkah penting. Tapi selidiki, jika bisa, kata-kata Yunani yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkannya (Hatch and Redpath) . Lihat kata-kata Yunani mana yang digunakan dalam kitab-kitab yang terkenal baik terjemahannya. Mungkin menemukan bagian-bagian yang non-teologis, problematic, atau penting dalam penelitian kata. Sebagai contoh, didalam meneliti kata&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;kabod&lt;/i&gt;, mungkin kata standar untuk glory dan honor akan muncul dalam Septuagint. Tapi di Sinai saat Musa meminta melihat kemuliaan Tuhan, LXX menggunakan suatu pronoun: Show me YourselfEngkau yang sebenarnya. Hal ini dengan jelas mewakili suatu penafsiran kontekstual didalam jangkauan arti dari kata itu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Kesimpulan&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Meringkas prosedur PENELITIAN KATA yang telah dikatakan diatas merupakan hal yang tidak perlu. Tapi saya perlu mengatakan sesuatu mengenai pemilihan kata Inggris yang setara dengan istilah Ibraninya. Terlalu sering eksegetor menghabiskan banyak waktu meneliti satu kata dengan seluruh penggunaannya, dan kemudian melemahkan maksudnya dengan menyatakan penemuannya dalam kata Inggris yang dipilih dengan sembrono. Anda perlu melihat kamus bahasa Inggris untuk memastikan arti yang tepat dari kata yang dipilih, baik etimologisnya dan penggunaannya sekarang.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;American Heritage Dictionary&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;sangat baik karena indeks akar Indo-Germanicnya ada dibelakang kata-kata Inggris yang membantu menghubungkan kata-kata yang berkaitan. Biasanya, digunakan dinegara lain merupakan suatu penelitian mengenai istilah yang cocok sehingga seluruh karya bisa dikomunikasikan secara tepat.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/penelitian-kata"&gt;http://bible.org/seriespage/penelitian-kata&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2291020160805381878-7187636604993788924?l=freddysendu.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/feeds/7187636604993788924/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/penelitian-kata-word-study.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/7187636604993788924'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/7187636604993788924'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/penelitian-kata-word-study.html' title='Penelitian Kata (Word Study)'/><author><name>Freddy Sendu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11011167653902768731</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='25' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQz8CNDxerg/Tnco1HDiYWI/AAAAAAAAAJU/OLRrTCpcKHo/s220/275823_100000599362468_3805398_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878.post-6272053310755095744</id><published>2011-10-11T08:19:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-11T08:19:00.336-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Versi Terjemahan Alkitab (Bible Version)'/><title type='text'>How We Got The Bible?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://bible.org/series/how-we-got-bible"&gt;http://bible.org/series/how-we-got-bible&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2291020160805381878-6272053310755095744?l=freddysendu.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/feeds/6272053310755095744/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/how-we-got-bible.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/6272053310755095744'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2291020160805381878/posts/default/6272053310755095744'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://freddysendu.blogspot.com/2011/10/how-we-got-bible.html' title='How We Got The Bible?'/><author><name>Freddy Sendu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11011167653902768731</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='25' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQz8CNDxerg/Tnco1HDiYWI/AAAAAAAAAJU/OLRrTCpcKHo/s220/275823_100000599362468_3805398_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2291020160805381878.post-4684828461162997283</id><published>2011-10-11T08:14:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-11T08:14:00.687-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Versi Terjemahan Alkitab (Bible Version)'/><title type='text'>The History of the English Bible</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;"&gt;Study By:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/byauthor/2/Daniel%20B.%20Wallace" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; font-family: Helvetica, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Daniel B. Wallace&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic;"&gt;Indonesian translation by Stevy Tillar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 class="articleTitle" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;Part I: From Wycliffe to King James (The Period of Challenge)&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;span class="submitted" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Helvetica, serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="content clear-block" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline-block; font-family: Helvetica, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 660px;"&gt;&lt;span class="print-link" style="bottom: 0px; display: block; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="print_mail" style="margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;fieldset class="fieldgroup group-attachements collapsible" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; float: right; line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;"&gt;&lt;div class="field field-type-text field-field-article-media-word" style="margin-bottom: 3px; margin-top: 3px;"&gt;&lt;div class="field-items"&gt;&lt;div class="field-item odd"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/fieldset&gt;&lt;div class="center" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;March 21, 2001&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Preface:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;This is the first part of a four-part lecture that was delivered at Lancaster Bible College in March, 2001, for the Staley Bible Lectureship. We are hoping to get permission to post all of the lectures as an audio tape on the Biblical Studies Foundation website. Here are some audio of a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/article/textual-criticism-series" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Textual Criticism&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;series Dr. Wallace has done. Dr. Wallace is available as a conference speaker on “The History of the English Bible.” If your church is interested, contact&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/email.asp?email=wallace" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;him&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for details.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Preface&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;There is an old Italian proverb about the nature of translation: “Traddutore, traditore!” This means simply, “Translators—traitors!” Of course, as you can see, something is lost in the translation of this pithy expression: there is great similarity in both the spelling and the pronunciation of the original saying, but these get diluted once they are put in English dress. Even the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;translation&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of this proverb illustrates its truth! Another Italian dictum expresses a similar sentiment: “All translation is a polite lie!”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Slightly less pessimistic about the nature of translation is this one-liner by the Jewish poet Hayyim Nachman Bialik, “He who reads the Bible in translation is like a man who kisses his bride through a veil.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P11_1423" name="P11_1424" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In a sense this is true, but as MacGregor retorted in his&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Literary History of the Bible&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P12_1605" name="P12_1606" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, “Still, when a veil there must be, the translator’s task is to make it as gossamer-fine a veil as may be. Indeed, the face of even the most beautiful of women may be enhanced by a veil, if only the veil be worthy of her beauty.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P13_1920" name="P13_1921" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;You can understand, from these snippets, one of the reasons why there is sometimes great reticence to translate the Bible into other languages. For one thing, since the translator presumably already knows Greek and Hebrew, he does not need to do the translation&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;for himself&lt;/i&gt;. He is doing it for others. Second, he may sense that his work is doomed from the start. His translation can never measure up to the original document. That great standard of comparison can only unmask the flaws in his own efforts. And third, because he is translating the&lt;i&gt;Word of God&lt;/i&gt;, the spiritual burden to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;get it right&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;is often a very heavy weight. Every translator knows that he is also an interpreter, for&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;there is no translation without interpretation&lt;/i&gt;. And the translator of the Bible knows that as an interpreter he is, in some sense, a teacher, and that (as James says), “not many of you should become teachers, because teachers will face a more severe judgment.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P15_2904" name="P15_2905" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;For the translator, this ‘severe judgment’ initially comes not from God but from man—because&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;every&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;translation of the Bible has been condemned by&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;someone&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;as soon as it rolled off the press. It is preeminently an act of selfless love that the translator engages in this task at all.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P16_3258" name="P16_3259" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Religious people of all faiths struggle with these attitudes. We should not be surprised to learn that in the Muslim religion, for example, the only true&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Koran&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;is the one in Arabic. No translation may properly be called the Koran.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P18_3800" name="P18_3801" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;On the other hand, there are strong impulses to translate the Bible into the language that the layperson can understand. These impulses merge in one particular branch of Christianity that ‘began’ on October 31, 1517, when a young Augustinian monk named Martin Luther challenged the church hierarchy of his day by posting 95 complaints on the door of the Wittenberg Church in Germany.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P20_4872" name="P20_4873" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Protestantism was born.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The history of Protestantism is intimately tied to the Bible in three ways:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;1. Protestantism teaches that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bible&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;is our&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ultimate authority&lt;/i&gt;, not tradition or personalities or experience—the Bible alone;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;2. Protestantism teaches the priesthood of all believers which means, among other things, that&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;each&lt;/i&gt;Christian has the privilege&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;and the responsibility&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to know God and his revealed will in the Scriptures;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;3. a natural outgrowth of these two principles is that&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;every&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Christian needs to have access to the Scriptures in his or her own language. Therefore, Protestants—more than any other religious group of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;any&lt;/i&gt;religion—have translated the Scriptures and are passionate that all have access to the Word of God. In short, we are people of the Book.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The Bible is indispensable to our faith. Not just theoretically, but practically. Not just through preaching and teaching, but through one’s own individual reading and study. Since the Bible is God’s revelation of himself to us, we cannot know him without knowing&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;it&lt;/i&gt;. Without the Scriptures, the God you worship is the god of your imagination.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;This week I will be speaking on the history of the English Bible. It’s a fascinating history and a bloody history. It is high drama—a story that is as much political as it is personal, as much literary as it is religious. “No literary work has had so much influence on the English language as the translation of the Bible. Yet, the cost for providing the English speaking people with a Bible must be counted in the blood of the men who sought to translate it.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P28_6643" name="P28_6644" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;This morning, we will look at the earliest period, from Wycliffe to the King James.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;I. From Wycliffe to King James: the Period of Challenge&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Until John Wycliffe translated the New Testament, only small portions of the Bible had been translated into English. The English language traces its roots back to approximately AD 600; within a hundred years, the Psalms and a portion of the Gospels had been translated. In 735, the Venerable Bede, on his dying day, completed his translation of John’s Gospel. 165 years later, King Alfred the Great translated a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;portion&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the Pentateuch. A few others during this period translated the Gospels or the Psalms, and little else.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Not only were these translations incomplete, but there were three other problems with them: (1) they were all translations from the Latin Vulgate, rather than from the original Greek and Hebrew texts; (2) they were not very good translations; and (3) for the most part, they were not accessible to lay folks, but were “translation ponies” to help the priests understand the Latin Vulgate better.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;For over 300 years, no Bible translation into English was done, as far as we know. The Norman Invasion of 1066 was the fundamental reason: for the next three centuries English was only infrequently used for any written documents. Noblemen wrote in French—the language of the elite—and official church documents were in Latin. English was for peasants.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;John Wycliffe (c. 1328-1384) and his Bible (c. 1382)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Background&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Picture, if you can, what it would be like to be alive in fourteenth century England. You are most likely a peasant, a farmer who toils to bring in an adequate harvest for the landowner. Like everyone else, you consider yourself a Christian, yet you struggle to understand God’s will. In the middle of this century, in 1348, the Bubonic Plague or Black Death hit England, and at least one out of four of your friends and relatives were dead within a few months.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;One out of four!&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Your grief for your loved ones is compounded by uncertainty over their eternal destiny. You doubt your own destiny, too. Your fear of purgatory&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;drives&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;your devotion. You find little comfort in the church; instead, your already thin pocketbook is relieved of its meager possessions by the sale of indulgences. The church only seems to be interested in your money and your confession. You long for a better life.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Meanwhile, the Papacy is in a major crisis: the Popes for nearly three-fourths of the century were exiled to Avignon, France in what was called the “Babylonian Captivity.” How could the English respect and obey a Pope who lived in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;France&lt;/i&gt;—England’s mortal enemy!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;On top of all this, the Church in England was in disarray. The finest government posts were often given to clergy, but this caused resentment in the nobles who wanted the posts for themselves. Rather than Democrats and Republicans, England had the pro-clergy and anti-clergy parties. If you ever wanted to question the structure of religious authority, now was the time. So much seemed wrong! And yet, if you even dared to speak to the local priest about finding God’s will in the Bible, you would be rebuffed for asking such a question! Besides that, he simply would not know the answer. He only read the Bible in Latin, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;only&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;those portions that were important for the liturgy. He had&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;never&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;read the whole Bible himself—ever. And besides, his Latin skills were not very good—just enough to mutter a few prayers in church from memory. Life—physically, socially, financially, spiritually—looked pretty bleak in fourteenth-century England.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Into this climate entered the ‘morningstar of the Reformation,’ a man named John Wycliffe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Wycliffe was born sometime between 1325 and 1330; he was educated at Oxford, earning his doctorate in theology when in his 40s, in 1372. He was the preeminent Oxford theologian of his day. Even though he was a Roman Catholic priest, he did not hesitate to speak against the excesses of the Church. Wycliffe did not consider the clergy to have&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;any special rights&lt;/i&gt;—even though he belonged to their class. And his views were grounded in Scripture.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;He began to chip away at unbiblical practices and beliefs in the church. Not only did he reject the doctrine of transubstantiation—the Catholic teaching that the bread and wine of Communion literally become the flesh and blood of Christ—but he also rejected&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;church hierarchy, including papal authority. To Wycliffe, the Bible rather than the Pope was our ultimate authority.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;His views did not go unchallenged of course. He was fired from his post at Oxford in 1382. Throughout his lifetime, five papal edicts were issued for his arrest. But because England was distancing itself from Rome, he found protection in powerful, anti-clergy nobles. In 1384, he died of natural causes and was buried in the Lutterworth church cemetery where he was pastor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Wycliffe believed that each man was directly accountable to God. But if each person was directly accountable to God, then they needed to have the Bible translated into their&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;own&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;language. You can catch Wycliffe’s passion and directness in these words of his:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Those Heretics who pretend that the laity need not know God’s law but that the knowledge which priests have had imparted to them by word of mouth is sufficient, do not deserve to be listened to. For Holy Scriptures is the faith of the Church, and the more widely its true meaning becomes known the better it will be. Therefore since the laity should know the faith, it should be taught in whatever language is most easily comprehended… [After all,] Christ and His apostles taught the people in the language best known to them.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P45_12504" name="P45_12505" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;That’s called ‘in your face’ preaching! Wycliffe did not pull any punches; and he didn’t know how to be polite when heaven and hell were hanging in the balance!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;John Wycliffe was the impetus behind a translation of the NT into English that was accomplished in c. 1382. He most likely did very little of the actual translation, but was the prime mover in its production. The OT was done entirely by others.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;His followers, known as Lollards, were poor Oxford scholars who preached the Word. They had a huge impact on the common folk, largely because they counted their own lives as&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;nothing&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;for the cause of Christ. In the two decades after Wycliffe’s death, many Lollards were burned at the stake, some even with their Bibles hanging from their necks to be burned with them.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P49_13453" name="P49_13454" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Text&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The text that Wycliffe and his associates translated from was the&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Latin&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Vulgate rather than the original Greek and Hebrew. Now, a word should be said about the Latin Vulgate because this will be important as we look at the English Bible the rest of this week.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;The Vulgate&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;was the official Bible in western Europe from the late fourth century on. It was a translation that St. Jerome had made, by the order of Pope Damasus. And since Greek had begun to die out in western Europe after Constantine moved the capital to the east, Latin naturally became the language of the people in the west. By the middle ages, Greek was completely unknown in western Europe. (It would not be studied in any university until 1458, at the University of Paris.) All the clergy in the west for a thousand years had to learn Latin, but not Greek or Hebrew. In terms of longevity, the Latin Vulgate is the most influential translation of the Bible in history.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Back to Wycliffe: As I said, Wycliffe did&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;translate from the original Greek and Hebrew. And as good as the Latin Vulgate was, there were severe shortcomings in its translation. For one thing, Latin does not have the definite article. That is a gift that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Greeks&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;gave to Europe. But the article occurs in the Greek NT almost 20,000 times—understanding its use is vital for hundreds of passages. And yet, Wycliffe knew none of this, since he only used the Latin text as his base.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Translation&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The Wycliffe Bible went through two editions—one in 1382 and in c. 1395, the second by Wycliffe’s assistant, John Purvey.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P56_15091" name="P56_15092" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;And although Purvey’s revision was a significant improvement, one could hardly call either version a masterpiece of English prose. But the first edition was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;slavishly&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;literal—even to the point of retaining the Latin word order when it made no sense in English!&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P57_15490" name="P57_15491" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The Wycliffe Bible illustrates on every page that a ‘word-for-word’ translation is not necessarily an accurate translation, because the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;meaning&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the original is not communicated clearly in this kind of rendering.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Significance&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;What is the significance of the Wycliffe translation?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;1. It was the first complete Bible in English—in fact, the first complete Bible in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;any&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;modern European language!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;2. It indirectly began to break down the power structures of the political-religious machinery of the Roman Catholic church. Lay folks did not need to rely on the priests to access God. And they could know his will and even challenge their spiritual leaders. It is no wonder that by 1408 even&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;reading&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;the Bible in English was outlawed.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P62_16312" name="P62_16313" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;People owned a copy at risk of liberty and life. So powerful was Wycliffe’s influence in fact that in 1415 the Pope decreed that his bones should be dug up, burned, and the ashes scattered on the River Swift.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P63_16588" name="P63_16589" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;3. The translation was completed more than sixty years&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;the invention of the movable-type printing press.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;All&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Wycliffe Bibles were thus handwritten copies. This lessened its impact considerably. And even though one Bible could take up to a year to copy, thousands were made.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;William Tyndale (c. 1494-1536) and his New Testament (1525-1536)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Background&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;No new English translations occurred between Wycliffe’s and Tyndale’s. One hundred and thirty years passed without progress. A part of the reason was no doubt that the 1408 British law against any Bible in English was still in effect. It would be risky enough just to make a copy of Wycliffe’s Bible!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Meanwhile, there were encouraging signs in the rest of Europe. Italian, French, Spanish, and Dutch Bibles appeared in the 1400s, most likely inspired by Wycliffe’s pioneering efforts. The stage was becoming set for the single most influential Bible translator of all time.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Several major events took place between the time of Wycliffe and Tyndale.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;1. For nearly forty years—1378-1417—the “Great Schism” was tearing apart the very fabric of religious authority in Europe: during this time there were&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;two rival Popes&lt;/i&gt;—one in Avignon and one in Rome!&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P71_17867" name="P71_17868" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;No one knew who the vicar of Christ on earth was!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;2. Invention of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;movable-type&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;printing press (c. 1454). Gutenberg’s first full-length book:&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Latin&lt;/i&gt;Vulgate Bible.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;3.&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;1453&lt;/b&gt;: Turks invade Byzantium, where Emperor Constantine had 1100 years earlier moved his capital to. In those 1100 years, Greek learning had disappeared from western Europe. But with the invasion of Byzantium, Greek scholars took their manuscripts and fled into Europe. Five years later, Greek is offered for the first time at a European university. The Reformation and Renaissance would be born as a result of the rediscovery of classical Greek and of the Greek New Testament.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;4. The spirit of&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;adventure&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;took off. The new world was discovered in 1492. Men became risk-takers like never before.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;5. The near-simultaneous events of the Turkish invasion of Byzantium and the invention of the printing press were the catalyst for the production of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;first published Greek New Testament&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;on March 1, 1516.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;6.&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;October 31, 1517&lt;/b&gt;: the Reformation is born when Luther challenges the Roman Catholic Church in Wittenberg.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Thus, challenges to the religious status quo, courage of convictions, knowledge of the ancient sources, and dissemination of information to the masses joined hands at a decisive time in European history. Tyndale’s Bible would be born in this milieu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;William Tyndale was trained in Greek and Hebrew. He earned his bachelor’s degree from Oxford in 1512 (at the ripe old age 16 or 17!), and his master’s degree in 1515. He later studied at Cambridge, to round out his education. In due time, he became fluent in six or seven languages. In short, Tyndale was no dummy! Further, his sense of English style was unparalleled.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;As he was contemplating a fresh translation of the Bible in the 1520s, he came to the realization that it was impossible to do this work in England.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P80_20310" name="P80_20311" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The 1408 edict against Bible translation was still in effect. Besides, Tyndale could find no one in England who knew Hebrew. So he traveled to Germany—and there he was introduced to rabbis from whom he learned the language of the Old Testament. While on the Continent, he translated much of the Bible into English. He could not return to England for fear of his life.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;He had a passion for getting the Word of God to lay folks. He wanted the boy behind the plough to know more of the Word of God than the literati of his day. His prayer would come true.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P82_20961" name="P82_20962" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;By 1525 he had completed his first translation of the NT, but it would not get printed until 1526.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Three&lt;/i&gt;copies of this first edition exist today, only one of which—discovered just a few years ago—is completely intact.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P84_21341" name="P84_21342" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Tyndale later revised the NT substantially, and the revision was a bona fide masterpiece. He even coined some new words that found their way into the English vocabulary for the next five centuries—words such as ‘Passover,’ ‘peacemaker,’ ‘scapegoat,’ and even the adjective ‘beautiful’ were coined by Tyndale.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P86_21716" name="P86_21717" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Altogether, he produced five editions of the NT, but the third edition of 1534 is the one most remembered.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Tyndale also did substantial work on the OT, but he did not complete the task. As far as we know, he translated through 2 Chronicles.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;He was kidnapped in 1535 in Antwerp, and burned at the stake the next year for heresy.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P89_22070" name="P89_22071" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;His charge? A corrupt translation of the Bible. The reality? A&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;superb&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;translation of the Bible. But the clergy were ostensibly afraid that common folk could not understand the Bible; they needed the clergy and&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;tradition&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to interpret it for them.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P90_22698" name="P90_22699" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P91_22890" name="P91_22891" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Tyndale’s dying words were “Lord, open the King of England’s eyes!” But Tyndale did not know that just a few months before his death a version of the Bible in English—based largely on his own work—had already been printed in England with King Henry VIII’s blessing. “In the sense which Tyndale intended, the King of England’s eyes were already opening when he voiced his dying prayer.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P93_23969" name="P93_23970" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Text&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Although Tyndale consulted Luther’s German translation and the Latin Vulgate to help him over the hard places, his translation of the NT was based on the Greek text. He used primarily Erasmus’ third edition.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P96_24202" name="P96_24203" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Translation&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The 1534 edition was a major departure from 1526. It was wonderful English and a lucid translation for its day. Tyndale knew the biblical languages better than any Englishman at the time,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P99_24568" name="P99_24569" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and he knew English better than most. He turned good Greek into good English.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Significance&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;It is impossible to overestimate the significance of Tyndale’s translation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;1. The first English NT after the age of printing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;2. The first English NT translated directly from the Greek.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;3. The first translation to use&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;italics&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;for words that were&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the text. (This practice has curiously continued to the present day in the NASB, in spite of the fact that italics are now universally used in other writing for emphasis,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;for absence.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;4. Heavily influenced the KJV: In 1940, Prof. J. Isaacs wrote of Tyndale’s accomplishment: “His simple directness, his magical simplicity of phrase, his modest music, have given an authority to his wording that has imposed itself on all later versions.… Nine-tenths of the Authorized New Testament is still Tindale, and the best is still his.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P106_27918" name="P106_27919" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The introduction to a reprint of Tyndale’s New Testament makes the quip: “Astonishment is still voiced that the dignitaries who prepared the 1611 Authorized Version for King James spoke so often with one voice—apparently miraculously. Of course they did: the voice (never acknowledged by them) was Tyndale’s.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P107_28251" name="P107_28252" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In rapid succession came three translations, all inferior to Tyndale’s, but nevertheless important landmarks in the history of the Bible in English.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;The Coverdale Bible (1535)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The Coverdale Bible (1535) was the work of Myles Coverdale, Tyndale’s assistant. He did not translate directly from the Greek and Hebrew, but did use Luther’s German translation, more than one Latin text, and Tyndale’s OT portions. And he did&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;complete&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;the whole Bible—and thus Coverdale’s became the first complete Bible&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;printed&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;in English. It was Coverdale’s translation that Henry VIII had already permitted to be printed when Tyndale uttered his dying words. The most innovative thing in this Bible was that it placed the Apocrypha—those books that Roman Catholics accept as canonical but which Protestants reject—at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;end&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the OT rather than interspersed throughout the OT. All previous OT translations had the Apocrypha distributed throughout the OT. All&lt;i&gt;Protestant&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bibles that were to follow, if they included the Apocrypha at all, included them as an appendix—just like Coverdale had done.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Matthew’s Bible (1537)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In 1537, Matthew’s Bible appeared. This Bible was the work of John Rogers, whose pen name was Thomas Matthew. He combined Coverdale’s OT with Tyndale’s NT.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P113_29697" name="P113_29698" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;But Rogers also added about 2000 notes, many of them controversial, making this the first revision of Tyndale’s NT. This Bible is sometimes called the “Wife-Beater’s Bible” because the marginal note at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Peter 3.7&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;says, “If [the wife] be not obedient and healpfull unto [her husband, he] endeavoureth to beate the feare of God into her…”!&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P114_30228" name="P114_30229" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;That the moniker ‘Wife-Beater’s Bible’ was soon given to this version at least should comfort us that many of our ancestors also thought that this little comment was inappropriate! Although not related to this note, Rogers would become, in 1555, the first martyr to be burned at the stake under Mary Tudor—or ‘Bloody Mary’—the Catholic monarch.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P115_30680" name="P115_30681" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;The Great Bible (1539)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Matthew’s and Coverdale’s Bibles both had Henry VIII’s permission to be printed. Stimulating their popularity but also instigating their demise, in September, 1538 the king ordered an English Bible to be placed in every church. The churches began to use the Matthew Bible because it was a large folio version suitable for public reading, while Coverdale’s had come out in a significantly smaller size. The king’s edict had in fact specified that each church was to have in its possession “one book of the whole Bible of the largest volume in English”—which ruled out all but Matthew’s.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;For eight months—from September 1538 to April 1539—England’s devotion to the Bible was at an all-time high. The king’s order not only was that every church should have a copy of Scripture on hand, but that “ye shall discourage no man… from the reading or hearing of the … Bible, but shall expressly provoke, stir and exhort every person to read the same, as that which is the very lively Word of God…” This command was followed so enthusiastically that laypeople were reading the Bible&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;aloud&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to their fellow parishioners while the preacher was giving his sermon! Eight months later the king issued a proclamation forbidding this disruptive behavior.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;What was needed, however, was a translation as good as Matthew’s but&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;without the notes&lt;/i&gt;! So Cromwell commissioned Myles Coverdale to publish a new Bible. It&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;had&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to be larger than Matthew’s because of the king’s injunction. It was thus called the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Great&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bible—not because of its literary quality, but because of its enormous size. Although these Bibles were&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;chained&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;down to prevent theft, one has to wonder how necessary that really was!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Even though the Great Bible was edited by Coverdale, it was based on the Matthew Bible. Coverdale did not know Greek or Hebrew, but Rogers did. So Coverdale simply took Matthew’s Bible, revised it, and deleted the notes. It thus became the second revision of Tyndale, after Matthew’s Bible.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P121_33327" name="P121_33328" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;But bishops, many of whom were still Roman Catholic, were offended at this Bible, because it separated the Apocrypha from the rest of the OT and because it did not conform to the Latin Vulgate.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P123_33723" name="P123_33724" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Not only this, but in the closing years of Henry VIII’s reign, the king swung the religious pendulum once again. In 1543 Parliament forbade any public, unauthorized exposition of Scripture—as well as all&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;private&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;reading of the Bible among the lower classes. Three years later, Henry outdid the Parliament by banning&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;copies of Tyndale and Coverdale.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;“The ban on the Bibles of Tyndale and Coverdale was a monumental piece of absurdity”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P125_34292" name="P125_34293" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;because the Great Bible was essentially Tyndale’s and was edited by Coverdale!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;The Geneva Bible (1557 [NT], 1560 [whole Bible])&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;When Edward VI, Henry’s son, became king, the Reformation was back in swing. But his reign did not last long. In 1553 Mary Tudor, Edward’s sister, ascended the throne.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P128_34608" name="P128_34609" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;She reversed Edward’s Protestant advances, returning the country to Catholicism. And she began to systematically burn both Bibles and Protestants. Many Protestant scholars fled from England to Geneva, where the famous Reformed theologian, John Calvin, was living. Here, they produced a magnificent Bible, though it appeared originally only in quarto size.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;One of these Reformers, William Whittingham (who happened to be Calvin’s brother-in-law), completed his translation of the NT in 1557. He and other Reformers worked on the whole Bible, and three years later the OT and a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;revised&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;NT appeared.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The significance of the Geneva Bible lies in the following:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;1. The Geneva Bible was the first English Bible translated entirely from the Greek and Hebrew. And it was the first translation done by a committee. Still, it relied heavily on Tyndale’s work as a base, and can properly be regarded as the third revision of Tyndale.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P132_35852" name="P132_35853" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;2. It was Calvinistic in its notes (and the notes were rather plentiful), exalting the Lord and his glory.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P134_36002" name="P134_36003" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;3. It was the first English Bible with&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;verse divisions&lt;/i&gt;. This was due, for the NT at least, to Stephanus’ fourth edition of the Greek NT (1551), the first Greek NT (or NT of any kind) with verse divisions.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P136_36289" name="P136_36290" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;As a sidenote, the effect of this was not altogether healthy, for with the addition of verse numbers came the&lt;i&gt;deletion&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of paragraphing. This certainly had an effect on prooftexting or quoting a single verse here or there out of context. Not until the Revised Version of 1881 was paragraphing used in an English Bible again (with verse numbers put in the margins). (Anachronistically, the NASB has continued the former policy, noting the new paragraph only with a bold number.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;4. This was also the first Bible to use italics&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;extensively&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;for words that were not in the original text.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;5. This was the Bible the Pilgrims took with them when they came to America and landed at Plymouth. It was also the Bible that Shakespeare used.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;6. The Geneva was produced originally only in quarto size, most likely because it was produced in Europe and shipped back to England. Thus, although its text and notes are exquisite, the print is small and the volume inelegant. Nevertheless, while the Great Bible was used in churches, the Geneva was used in homes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;7. The influence of this Bible on the KJV was enormous. The KJV translators employed this as much as Tyndale’s (of course, much of Tyndale was incorporated into the Geneva). And although King James despised the Geneva Bible, in the original preface to the KJV the Bible is quoted several times—and every time it is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Geneva&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;version that is quoted, not the King James! This was an implicit and perhaps unwitting admission of the Geneva Bible’s superiority.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;8. This is also known as the “‘Breeches’ Bible.” This is because at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Genesis 3:7&lt;/a&gt;, Adam and Eve sewed fig leaves together and made them into “breeches.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P142_38382" name="P142_38383" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;9. Finally, the Geneva Bible had a long and stellar history. During the 45-year reign of Queen Elizabeth nearly 100 editions of the Geneva Bible were published! Even fifty years after the KJV appeared, the Geneva Bible was the most popular Bible in England. Ultimately, it would not survive because of politics: a new king would come along who wanted his own translation—one that was not so Calvinistic.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;The Bishops’ Bible (1568)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;“The instant success of the Geneva Bible made it impossible to go on using the Great Bible for reading in church; its deficiencies became all too obvious in the light of the new version.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P146_39252" name="P146_39253" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;But the Geneva Bible clearly could not be used in ecclesiastical settings: it was too Calvinistic for the English clergy and was so popular among the lower classes that it was politically incorrect to use from the pulpit!&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P147_39499" name="P147_39500" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The Bishops’ Bible thus came on the scene in 1568. This was a pulpit Bible, based on the Great Bible. It is thus properly considered the fourth revision of Tyndale. It was called the Bishops’ Bible because it was produced by bishops. But it was too wooden, too pedestrian a translation. Even Elizabeth never officially recognized this translation. It could not compete with the Geneva which had appeared eight years earlier and was a much better translation. The Bishops’ Bible never caught on and its last printing occurred in 1606. Ironically, this inferior translation became the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;official&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;base that the King James translators were directed to use in making their version.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;The Rheims-Douai Bible (1582 [NT], 1609-1610 [whole Bible])&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;After Bloody Mary’s short reign, Elizabeth came on the scene as the new queen. And she was a Protestant. This time the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Catholic&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;scholars fled to Europe! It must be remembered that the Protestants were not the only ones to get persecuted. Blood flowed both ways.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The Catholics wanted their own English Bible. This was not because they had now agreed that lay people should have a Bible in their own tongues. Rather, since they really could not stop laypeople from reading the Bible, they at least wanted them to read a “correct” version of it. Nevertheless, in the preface to this version, the readership was intended to be priests and other dignitaries. The masses were discouraged from reading the Bible, but if they were going to read one, this had better be it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The Rheims-Douai Bible also had some influence on the wording of the KJV.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P153_41097" name="P153_41098" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;This Bible was—as is the case with&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Catholic Bibles until the mid-twentieth century—based on the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Latin&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Vulgate, rather than directly from the Greek or Hebrew texts. This was because the Council of Trent (1544) had decreed that Bibles should be translated from the Latin. It was not until Vatican II before this was rescinded.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;This brings us to the dawn of a new era, which began with the KJV. The first era of English Bible translation thus lasted from 1382—1610, or nearly 230 years. It was a period marked by two things: on the one hand, by a&lt;i&gt;profound&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;concern that every Christian have access to God’s revealed will in the Bible. On the other hand, the church hierarchy suppressed this effort—first by killing the translators and burning their Bibles. And when that failed, an ‘authorized’ translation was made that tried to stem the tide of the Protestant heresy.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P155_42372" name="P155_42373" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;hr size="2" style="border-bottom-color: gray; border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: gray; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: gray; border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: gray; border-top-style: solid; height: 1px;" width="80%" /&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P11_1424" name="P11_1423" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;As quoted by C. C. Ryrie in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Formatting the Word of God&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Dallas: Bridwell Library, 1998) 11.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P12_1606" name="P12_1605" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Geddes MacGregor,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;A Literary History of the Bible&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Nashville: Abingdon, 1968) 190.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P13_1921" name="P13_1920" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;As quoted by Ryrie,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Formatting&lt;/i&gt;, 11.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P15_2905" name="P15_2904" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;A paraphrase of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Jas 3.1&lt;/a&gt;, though catching the spirit of his statement.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P16_3259" name="P16_3258" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;After I wrote this point, I read Bruce Metzger’s treatment of the Vulgate in his&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Early Versions of the New Testament&lt;/i&gt;. To my astonishment and delight, I read again Jerome’s sentiment addressed to Pope Damasus in the preface to his revision of the Four Gospels (p. 333 in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Versions&lt;/i&gt;), that echoes the same points.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P18_3801" name="P18_3800" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;So Dr. Abdullah Ibn Saleh Al-‘Ubaid in the Introduction to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Interpretation of the meanings of the Noble Qu’rn in the English Language, Summarized in One Volume&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1995) 11: “Lastly, I would like to confirm that this translation is only the translation of the interpretation of the meanings of the Noble Qu’rn and it should neither be considered as the Qu’rn nor should it be termed as the Qu’rn but it is only the interpretation of its meanings, in order to bring it near to the minds of non-Arabs, with the hope that Allah may embrace them into His Mercy by opening their hearts, and that they may enter in Allah’s religion in crowds.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P20_4873" name="P20_4872" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;There is some dispute whether Luther actually nailed his 95 theses to the church door, though it is evident that his theses were soon printed off and disseminated throughout Europe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P28_6644" name="P28_6643" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Introduction [by Donald Brake] to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Wycliffe New Testament&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;(an Exact Facsimile of Rawlinson 259 in the Bodleian Library of Oxford University; John Purvey’s revision; Portland, OR: International Bible Publications, 1986) v.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P45_12505" name="P45_12504" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;John Wycliffe,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Speculum Secularium Dominorum, Opera Minora&lt;/i&gt;, ed. John Loserth (London: Wycliff Society, 1913) 74; cited in the Introduction to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Wycliffe New Testament&lt;/i&gt;, vii.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P49_13454" name="P49_13453" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Ron Minton,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Making and Preservation of the Bible&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(n.p.; November, 2000) 216.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P56_15092" name="P56_15091" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Oxford MS in the Bodleian Library, 959 E, is probably the original first edition of the Wycliffe Bible. The style is extremely wooden.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P57_15491" name="P57_15490" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, has a nice comparison of both editions in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Heb 1.1-4&lt;/a&gt;, with discussion (15-16).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P62_16313" name="P62_16312" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Known as the Constitutions of Oxford. See Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, 20-23.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P63_16589" name="P63_16588" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;This decree was not carried out until 1428, 43 years after Wycliffe’s death.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P71_17868" name="P71_17867" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;F. F. Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History of the Bible in English&lt;/i&gt;, 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978) 12, notes that “The prestige of the papacy had fallen very low, partly by reason of the ‘Babylonian Captivity’ of the Popes at Avignon, where they maintained their residence from 1309 to 1378, under the control of the French kings, England’s hereditary enemies; and partly by reason of the ‘Great Schism’ which followed it, when for nearly forty years (1378-1417) there were two rival Popes, one at Rome and the other at Avignon, one recognized by some European powers and the other recognized by others.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P80_20311" name="P80_20310" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Further, in 1523, the bishop of London, Cuthbert Tunstall, refused to allow his work to be done.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P82_20962" name="P82_20961" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;“If God spare my life, ere many years I will cause a boy that driveth the plough shall know more Scripture than thou dost” he said to a religious man in 1523.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P84_21342" name="P84_21341" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;This lone copy was discovered in 1996. Cf. Minton,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Making&lt;/i&gt;, 226.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P86_21717" name="P86_21716" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Cf. Minton,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Making&lt;/i&gt;, 223.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P89_22071" name="P89_22070" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;A letter was discovered last century that was from Tyndale himself while he was in prison awaiting execution. He had asked his captor for warmer clothes since he was quite cold, especially his head. As well, he asked if he could have a Hebrew Bible and a Hebrew dictionary to pass the time profitably. Like Paul (&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;2 Tim 4:13&lt;/a&gt;), we do not know whether the request was ever granted.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P90_22699" name="P90_22698" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;In reality, they were afraid of the potential loss of control. Once the people had the Bible, the religious leaders could no longer interpret God’s will for their lives without dispute.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P91_22891" name="P91_22890" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Tyndale did change some things that clearly bothered the Catholic clergy: “congregation” for “church”; “elder” for “priest.” Although&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Greek;"&gt;ejkklhsiva&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;usually took on a technical nuance in the NT, Tyndale, with some justification, translated it as “congregation.” This is because “church” had by this time become so strongly associated with Roman Catholic structures that one could hardly read the text and think otherwise. Only later in the Reformation period, when the Protestant Church was able to get firmly planted, could readers see “church” and not think of Catholicism.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;His translation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Greek;"&gt;presbuvtero"&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;as “elder” is quite accurate (cf.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Titus 1:5&lt;/a&gt;) and much better than “priest” (&lt;i&gt;sacerdos&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P93_23970" name="P93_23969" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, 52.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P96_24203" name="P96_24202" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Unfortunately, Tyndale’s 1534 edition retained the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Comma Johanneum&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;of Erasmus’ third edition without comment, thus probably affecting the KJV at this point as well.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P99_24569" name="P99_24568" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;An interesting example of this is found in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Tim 2:12&lt;/a&gt;. He translates as follows: “I suffer not a woman to teach, neither to have authority over a man: but for [her] to be in silence.” The KJV here has “But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence.” The key difference is in the translation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Alexandria;"&gt;aujqentei'n&lt;/span&gt;. Tyndale renders it “have authority,” while the KJV renders it “usurp authority.” From what I can gather, the verb did not bear the force of “usurp” until Chrysostom gave it that spin in his comments on this text (cf. Moulton-Milligan, Liddell-Scott-Jones, Knight’s article in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;NTS&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;[c. 1984], etc.). Further, “usurp” was not the&lt;i&gt;predominant&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;meaning of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Alexandria;"&gt;aujqentevw&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;until the ninth century A.D. But since the word occurs less than 125 times in all of Greek literature (according to a search of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;TLG&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;database of 64 million words from Homer to A.D. 1453), the KJV translators were at a loss. Hence, they relied on Erasmus’ Latin (which he put forth as a correction of Jerome’s) of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;usurpare&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Oxford Latin Dictionary gives as the first definition of this term, “To take possession of (property) on one’s own initiative (and without strict legal claim)”).” Jerome’s translation, incidentally, was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;dominare&lt;/i&gt;(OLD gives as its first definition of this verb, “To exercise sovereignty, act as a despot, rule”). Thus, Tyndale’s translation was more accurate to the Greek than either Jerome’s or Erasmus’ (though Jerome’s was fairly literal, since there is no verb in Latin that is a cognate to either&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;potestas&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;auctoris&lt;/i&gt;. Thus, if a verb has to be used,&lt;i&gt;dominare&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;is the most neutral term available and therefore the most accurate.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;It is a remarkable thing that many today read this text as though the KJV was the accurate rendering. Many women teachers preface their remarks by saying, “I am not usurping anyone’s authority; this authority has been given me by the elders.” But that is apparently not the point of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Tim 2:12&lt;/a&gt;. Most modern translations render the term neutrally (cf., e.g., RSV, NKJV, NIV [“have authority”], RV, ASV [“have dominion”], NASB [“exercise authority”], etc. Remarkably, even the NRSV, with its strong bent toward inclusive language and egalitarianism [as in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Tim 3:2&lt;/a&gt;: “married only once” for “husband of one wife”] here reads “have authority”). Fee, in his brief little commentary, says the verb means “to domineer” without further justification. This certainly looks like&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;petitio principii.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P106_27919" name="P106_27918" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Quoted in Bruce, 44.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P107_28252" name="P107_28251" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tyndale’s New Testament: Translated from the Greek by William Tyndale in 1534. In a modern-spelling edition and with an introduction by David Daniell&lt;/i&gt;. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P113_29698" name="P113_29697" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;“It was licensed before the Coverdale Bible (both in 1537) and, thus, by the providence of God, Tyndale’s revised Bible was the first ever to be licensed by the king” (Minton,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Making&lt;/i&gt;, 235).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P114_30229" name="P114_30228" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;So Minton,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Making&lt;/i&gt;, 235. Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, however, attributes this to the Bible by Bishop Becke (83-84).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P115_30681" name="P115_30680" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Now if Rogers had been beheaded, then perhaps a case could be made that this note on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Pet 3.7&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;was the cause of his demise, for the full note said “If [the wife] be not obedient and healpfull unto –her husband, he] endeavoureth to beate the feare of God into her&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;heade&lt;/i&gt;, that thereby she maye be compelled to learne her dutie, and to do it.” Bruce comments, though attributing this note to Becke, “One wonders if the editor penned the second part of this note with his tongue in his cheek; even if he did, it is better not to indulge one’s sense of humour in Bible annotations, for readers are predisposed to treat all Bible annotations seriously!” (&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, 84).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P121_33328" name="P121_33327" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;The Great Bible went through seven editions between 1539 and 1541. The second edition of 1540 made a considerable advance over the first printing, especially in OT poetical books (Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, 70).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P123_33724" name="P123_33723" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;In 1542, the Upper House of Convocation of Canterbury demanded a revision of the Great Bible, in conformity to the Latin Vulgate.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P125_34293" name="P125_34292" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, 79.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P128_34609" name="P128_34608" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;“No Bible translation was made while Edward VI was king (1547-1553). Edward was the son of Henry VIII. An attempt was made to crown Lady Jane Gray as Edward’s successor, but Mary Tudor, one of Henry’s daughters (by Catherine of Aragon) was chosen. Mary died in 1558 and Elizabeth (her half sister) began her long reign.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P132_35853" name="P132_35852" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Matthew and Great Bible are the first two.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P134_36003" name="P134_36002" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Nevertheless, the explicit notes of a Calvinistic interpretation were very few.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P136_36290" name="P136_36289" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Stephanus put in the verse numbers while traveling from Paris to Lyons. It is sometimes suggested that this explains why the verses are broken at such strange places: Stephanus must have been riding in the carriage, marking down the verse numbers, when the carriage hit a bump in the road! But his cryptic reference to when he wrote in the verse numbers is more probably taken to mean that he wrote them while resting at the inns along the way.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P142_38383" name="P142_38382" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Other names have been given to several Bibles throughout history. For example, one of the early editions of the King James is called the “Wicked Bible” because it left out the “not” in the seventh commandment (&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Exod 20:14&lt;/a&gt;): “Thou shalt commit adultery”!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P146_39253" name="P146_39252" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, 92-93.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P147_39500" name="P147_39499" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;So Minton,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Making&lt;/i&gt;, 243.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P153_41098" name="P153_41097" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;A preliminary draft of an essay in a Catholic Biblical Encyclopedia, produced by an international team of scholars, overstated the influence that the Rheims-Douai had on the KJV, while neglecting to mention that Tyndale had&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;any&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;influence on the KJV! I noted this in my review of the preliminary draft that was sent to me by the senior editor; it remains to be seen whether the correction will be made.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-i-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge#P155_42373" name="P155_42372" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;This could be nuanced more: it was also the Anglican bishops who were uncomfortable with the Protestant translations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 class="articleTitle" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;Part II: The Reign of the King James (The Era of Elegance)&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;span class="submitted" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Helvetica, serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;"&gt;Study By:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/byauthor/2/Daniel%20B.%20Wallace" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Daniel B. Wallace&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="content clear-block" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline-block; font-family: Helvetica, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 660px;"&gt;&lt;span class="print-link" style="bottom: 0px; display: block; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="print_html" style="margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;a class="print-page" href="http://bible.org/print/book/export/html/1823" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Display a printer-friendly version of this page."&gt;&lt;img alt="Printer-friendly version" class="print-icon" height="16" src="http://bible.org/sites/bible.org/modules/print/icons/print_icon.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; 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border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-width: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" title="Send to friend" width="16" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;fieldset class="fieldgroup group-attachements collapsible" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; float: right; line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;"&gt;&lt;div class="field field-type-text field-field-article-media-word" style="margin-bottom: 3px; margin-top: 3px;"&gt;&lt;div class="field-items"&gt;&lt;div class="field-item odd"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/assets/worddocs/wallace_2reignkjv.zip" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Word Document" src="http://bible.org/images/word_icon.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-width: initial; margin-right: 2px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; vertical-align: bottom;" title="Download Word Document(s)" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/assets/worddocs/wallace_2reignkjv.zip" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Download Word Doc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/fieldset&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;March 2001&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Editor’s note:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;This is the second part of a four-part lecture that was delivered at Lancaster Bible College in March, 2001, for the Staley Bible Lectureship. We are hoping to get permission to post all of the lectures as an audio tape on the Biblical Studies Foundation website. Here are some&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/article/textual-criticism-series" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;audio&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;of a Textual Criticism series Dr. Wallace has done. Dr. Wallace is available as a conference speaker on “The History of the English Bible.” If your church is interested, contact him for details.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Preface:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;We left England with two competing Bible translations: the Bishops’ Bible that was used in the churches, and the Geneva Bible that was read in the homes. By far, the Geneva Bible was the more popular, and this created a problem for the clergy: they needed a translation in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;churches&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;that would be revered by the masses.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;A. The Making of the Authorized Version&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1. The Hampton Court Conference&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;An opportunity for fixing this problem presented itself when Queen Elizabeth died in 1603 and a new monarch came on the scene. James VI had already ruled over Scotland for thirty-seven (37) years when he became James I of England.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The following January (1604) the king summoned the religious leaders of the country to Hampton Court to air out ecclesiastical grievances of all sorts. By far the most important matter that was settled at this conference was the resolution&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;That a translation be made of the whole Bible, as consonant as can be to the original Hebrew and Greek; and this to be set out and printed, without any marginal notes, and only to be used in all Churches of England in time of divine service.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P14_1782" name="P14_1783" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The original document that authorized this new translation is kept in the Manuscript Room at Cambridge University. I had the opportunity to see it while I was living in Cambridge on my last sabbatical (1995), but I never did. The reason wasn’t lack of interest, but rather that there were so many more important MSS to look at that I never found the time to get around to this one!&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P16_2197" name="P16_2198" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Had I known that I would be giving this lecture today to you all, I am quite sure that I would have made the time to see the famous Hampton Court document!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The proposal for a new translation came from a Puritan, Dr. John Reynolds. And although it did not meet with unanimous approval, it did meet with&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;James’&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;approval. And that settled the matter. At one point the king gushed, “I could never yet see a Bible well translated in English; but I think that, of all, that of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Geneva&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;is the&lt;i&gt;worst&lt;/i&gt;”!&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P18_3022" name="P18_3023" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Why would James disapprove of the Geneva Bible so strongly? After all, this had been the official Bible in Scotland during his reign there. His animosity was most likely not due to the translation as much as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;notes&lt;/i&gt;. He explicitly mentioned the comment at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Exodus 1.19&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as problematic: the Geneva margin suggested that the Hebrew midwives were justified in disobeying the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;king’s&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;order to kill all Hebrew baby boys.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In other words, the impulse for producing the King James Bible (or, as it is frequently called in England, the Authorized Version) initially came from two groups, one religious and the other political—both of them at the top of their respective food chains. It is not altogether unfair to say that the motive to produce this grand work was more to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;protect&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;the status quo than to meet the needs of the people. In this respect, the King James Bible resembled the Roman Catholic Rheims-Douai version rather than its own Protestant predecessors of the sixteenth century.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;2. The Procedure of the Translators&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;James was enthusiastic about the new project and took a leading role in getting it off the ground. In fact, as far as we know, he wrote up the rules for who the translators should be, how they should be organized, and what principles they were to follow. But he did not do any of the actual translation—in spite of the fact that many people think of the King James Bible as a version translated by him!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;James assigned six panels of scholars to do the work: three for the Old Testament, two for the New Testament, and one for the Apocrypha. Two teams met at Oxford, two met at Cambridge, and two at Westminster Abbey. Altogether, there were forty-seven (47) men who worked on this new version.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Among the rules that the translators were supposed to follow, two are noteworthy: (1) Although the translators were to rigorously consult the Greek and Hebrew texts, they should retain the wording of the Bishops’ Bible wherever possible. (2) This version must not have any marginal notes—except those that explained the Greek and Hebrew words or cross-referenced other passages. But the translators did not follow these rules religiously, especially the first one.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;3. The Textual Basis&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The translators did not consult any Greek or Hebrew&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;manuscripts&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;as they did their revision. Instead, they based their work on existing published texts. The Old Testament textual basis has not changed&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;too&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;dramatically since the sixteenth century, but the New Testament text has gone through enormous changes. The text that the King James translators used was principally the Stephanus text of 1550 (third edition), which, in turn, relied essentially on Erasmus’ third edition of 1522—the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;same&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Greek text that Tyndale had used. We’ll talk more about the Greek text behind the Authorized Version in a little while, when we discuss problems with the KJV.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;4. Influences&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The KJV was not a brand new translation, but a revision of earlier works. Although it was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;supposed&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to be based on the Bishops’ Bible—departing from it only where necessary—it really was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;influenced&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;by many translations. At Oxford University is a manuscript that gives us a fascinating glimpse into the translation work—almost ‘behind the scenes,’ as it were. The manuscript is a copy of the Gospels from the Bishops’ Bible that was used by the translators through various stages of revision. You can detect the various groups that worked the document over. Handwritten notes mark up almost every verse of the text. The first team made their revision marks by hand, completing the work within a relatively short period of time. (Had the KJV appeared in 1608, when the first revision of the whole Bible was virtually completed, it would have looked substantially like a revision of the Bishops’ Bible. But more work needed to be done.) Then, the manuscript was sent to a final revision committee. And they marked up the text still further. One of the most fascinating aspects of the work is that as the manuscript went through its stages of revision, the new version kept looking less and less like the Bishops’ Bible and more and more like Tyndale!&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P29_7150" name="P29_7151" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Besides Tyndale’s translation, the Geneva Bible also had a huge influence on the KJ—especially in the Old Testament books that Tyndale had not translated. Further, in the original preface to the KJV the Bible is quoted several times—and every time it is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Geneva&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;version that is quoted, not the King James!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;And perhaps most surprisingly, the Rheims-Douai version had some impact as well. The Old Testament was completed only a year or two before the KJV was published—it was thus too late to have an influence. But the New Testament of the Catholics had appeared in 1582, and it made its way into the Authorized Version in a few places. Besides using some of the language of the Catholic New Testament—especially Latinisms, or traditional ecclesiastical terms—the KJV also follows the textual basis of the Rheims-Douai—that is, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Latin&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Vulgate—in nearly 100 places. In ten places, the Authorized Version “abandons all known Greek manuscripts for the Latin Vulgate.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P32_8454" name="P32_8455" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Nevertheless, the KJV was still much closer to the Geneva and Tyndale than to anything else. It may properly be regarded as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;fifth&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;revision of Tyndale. As we noted yesterday, 90% of the King James New Testament was really Tyndale’s translation. Two statements made yesterday about Tyndale’s influence are worth repeating. First, Prof. Isaacs said:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;“[Tyndale’s] simple directness, his magical simplicity of phrase, his modest music, have given an authority to his wording that has imposed itself on&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;later versions.… Nine-tenths of the Authorized New Testament is still Tindale, and the best is still his.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P35_9218" name="P35_9219" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Second, the introduction to a reprint of Tyndale’s New Testament declares: “Astonishment is still voiced that the dignitaries who prepared the 1611 Authorized Version for King James spoke so often with one voice—apparently miraculously. Of course they did: the voice (never acknowledged by them) was Tyndale’s.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P37_9553" name="P37_9554" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;At the same time, the King James translators painstakingly worked over the translation and produced a whole new work. On many occasions, it sacrificed Tyndale’s accuracy for a more elegant rendition. It is obvious from a comparison of the King James New Testament with that of Tyndale that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;leading&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;principle of the King James translators was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;faithfulness to the Greek, but elegance in English.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;And when it came to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Apocrypha&lt;/i&gt;, the King James followed its Protestant ancestors rather than the Catholic tradition by placing the Apocrypha at the end of the Old Testament.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;B. Publication and Reception&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;When the Authorized Version first appeared, it was published with quite a few marginal notes. These notes were not just intended to explain the Hebrew or Greek word, but had diverse purposes. Over 6500 notes appeared in the Old Testament alone, most of which gave a “more literal meaning of the original Hebrew.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P42_10665" name="P42_10666" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The Apocrypha added another 1000 notes, and the New Testament had almost 800. Altogether, there were nearly&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;8500&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;marginal notes in the 1611 KJV. On a few occasions, the notes indicated textual variants. And a great number of notes explained to the reader that the translators were undecided as to the meaning of the original. Of significance here is the sensitivity that the translators had to the readers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In the preface entitled, “The Translators to the Reader,” “They mention that some readers [may] have misgivings about the alternative renderings suggested in the margin, on the ground that they may appear to shake the authority of Scripture in deciding points of controversy.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P44_11384" name="P44_11385" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;But these translators had no illusions that theirs was the final word on the Word of God. They knew that later discoveries and research would help to clear up the meaning of the original. Unfortunately, this preface is no longer printed in the KJV. Its omission has been one of the major reasons why some religious groups believe that the KJV is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;only&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;inspired Bible, that the KJV is perfect in every way. As one scholar quipped, “Some people would prefer a false appearance of certainty to an honest admission of doubt.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P46_11934" name="P46_11935" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In the subsequent centuries, a great deal of research and discovery has indeed helped us to understand better the original text. Translations&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;always&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;need to be updated when new archeological and manuscript discoveries are made.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The preface also&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;explicitly&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;denied that the Authorized Version was perfect. The actual statement is important to grasp; listen to what it had to say:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;To those who point out defects in [the translators’ works], they answer that&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;perfection is never attainable by man&lt;/i&gt;, but the word of God may be recognized in the very meanest translation of the Bible, just as the king’s speech addressed to Parliament remains the king’s speech when translated into other languages than that in which it was spoken, even if it be not translated word for word, and even if some of the renderings are capable of improvement. To those who complain that [the translators] have introduced so many changes in relation to the older English version, they answer by expressing surprise that revision and correction should be imputed as faults. The whole history of Bible translation in any language, they say, is a history of repeated revision and correction.&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P50_13108" name="P50_13109" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;A few observations on this statement are in order. (1) The translators do not equate their work with the&lt;i&gt;inspired&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;word of God; they explicitly deny the perfection of the KJB. (2) They freely admit that even the worst translation of Scripture is still to be regarded as the Word of God. (3) They make a qualitative distinction between the text written in one language and the translation of it into another. Regarding Scripture, they admit that only the original text in Greek and Hebrew was inspired (4) They implicitly approve all later revisions of their&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;own&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;work, because the very nature of Bible translation involves “a history of repeated revision and correction.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Sadly, many today who are “King James Only” advocates would deny all four of these points. Their only excuse for doing so is that they have never read the text of “The Translators to the Reader.” But just a few years ago, that preface became available as a separate book, published by the American Bible Society. It includes both the old wording as well as an updated version, along with a full commentary.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Finally, in 1611, the Authorized Version was published.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;How was it received? It may be surprising to us today to realize that there was by no means universal applause for this translation when it rolled off the presses. Some people, at first, criticized it for being&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;too simple&lt;/i&gt;, too easy to understand! This was voiced especially by Roman Catholics. In anticipation of this criticism, the original preface argued that the translation intentionally “shunned the obscurity of the Papists…” The preface went on to denounce the Rheims-Douai version in these words:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;[The Catholics have] the purpose to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;darken&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;the sense, that [although] they must needs translate the Bible, yet by the language thereof it may be&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;kept from being understood&lt;/i&gt;. But we desire that the Scripture may speak like itself, … that it may be understood even [by] the very vulgar.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;We will come back to this issue later when we discuss problems with the KJV.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;This new version was also criticized for its&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;inaccuracies&lt;/i&gt;. The most outspoken critic was Dr. Hugh Broughton, a first-rate Hebrew scholar. Broughton, in fact, was eminently qualified to have been on the translation team, except for one thing: he was too cantankerous! As F. F. Bruce said, “he was not cut out for collaboration with others, and would have proved an impossible colleague. Probably he resented the fact that he was not invited to serve, and when the new version appeared, he sent a critique of it to one of the king’s attendants:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The late Bible… was sent to me to censure: which bred in me a sadness that will grieve me while I breathe, it is so ill done. Tell His Majesty that I had rather be rent in pieces with wild horses, than any such translation by my consent should be urged upon poor churches. … The new edition crosseth me. I require it to be burnt.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P59_16048" name="P59_16049" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Don’t you love that? “Come on, Hugh! Don’t pull any punches—Tell us what you&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;really&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;think!” The fundamental reason Broughton despised the KJV was that it looked too much like the Bishops’ Bible and not enough like the Geneva.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Nevertheless, not all had this attitude. Although it would take fifty years for the KJV to overtake the Geneva in popularity, its intrinsic worth—the rhythm, the elegance, the phrases that lingered in one’s mind—in due time “established itself [the King James] as the version for church and home, for public and private use, superseding the Bishops’ Bible and the Geneva Bible alike.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P62_16681" name="P62_16682" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;C. Editions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;One of the ironic facts about the KJV is that it is&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;impossible&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to honestly speak about the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;first&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;printing, because there never really was a first printing! “The revision and correction process began immediately in 1611, … even before the first printed edition was completed and put together. The pages of these two editions [the actual first edition and the corrected second edition]… seem to have been accidentally mixed before either was assembled and bound.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P65_17168" name="P65_17169" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Thus, the first edition of the KJV is actually more of a first-and-second-edition hybrid. But there are ways to tell whether one possesses a ‘first-second’ edition or a completely second edition. I won’t go into those details here. I have seen what is probably the finest example of the so-called ‘first’ edition of the KJV surviving today. It is part of a private collection in Texas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Besides these two editions, the Authorized Version went through at least two more in the first year alone. In the first three years, it actually went through fourteen minor editions due to the frequent mistakes in the process of translating, revising, and printing. But these are not really revisions by today’s standard. Two larger overhauls were completed in 1629 and 1638. Within fifty (50) years “the need was presented and an effort was made to officially revise [it once] again”—this time more thoroughly than the previous two revisions. But Parliament decided not to act on this impulse when Charles II ascended the throne in 1660. The shifts of the political winds thus stymied the third revision of the KJV. It would not undergo a major revision again for 100 years. In 1762 and 1769, the KJV was revised for a third and fourth time.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Altogether, nearly&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;100,000 changes&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;have been made to the 1611 KJV. The vast bulk of these are rather minor (mostly spelling and punctuation changes), but in the least this fact shows how&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;impossible&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;it is today for any church or any Christian to claim, “We read&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;only&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;original&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;1611 King James Version of the Holy Bible”!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;With all the revisions made to this translation over the centuries, printer’s errors were bound to creep in. Even though the goal was to eradicate all mistakes,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;every&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;printing of the KJV added more!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;For example, in 1611 the so-called ‘Judas Bible’ was printed: In&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Matt 26.36&lt;/a&gt;, the KJV says that&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Judas&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;came with his disciples to a place called Gethsemane—even though&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Judas&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;had already hanged himself in the previous chapter!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The very first edition of the Authorized Version is the ‘Basketball Bible’ because it speaks of ‘hoopes’ instead of ‘hookes’ used in the construction of the Tabernacle.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;A 1716 edition has Jesus say in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;John 5.14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;“sin&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;on&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;more” instead of “sin no more”!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The next year, the famous ‘Vinegar Bible’ appeared; this name was attached to this printing because the chapter title to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Luke 20&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;was “The Parable of the Vinegar” instead of the “Parable of the Vineyard.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In 1792, Philip, rather than Peter, denied his Lord three times in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Luke 22.34&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Three years later the ‘Murderer’s Bible’ was printed: It was called this because in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Mark 7.27&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Jesus reportedly told the Syro-Phoenician woman, “Let the children first be&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;killed&lt;/i&gt;” instead of “Let the children first be&lt;i&gt;filled&lt;/i&gt;”!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In 1807 an Oxford edition has&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Heb 9.14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;say, “Purge your conscience from&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;good&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;works” instead of “Purge your conscience from&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;dead&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;works.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;A printing of the KJV in 1964 said that women were to “adorn themselves in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;modern&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;apparel” instead of “&lt;i&gt;modest&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;apparel” in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Tim 2.9&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;But none of these printing mistakes can equal the Bibles of 1653 or 1631. These are the two ‘Evil Bibles’ of the King James history, for they both left out the word ‘&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;not&lt;/b&gt;’ at key junctures. The 1653 edition—known as the ‘Unrighteous Bible’—said “the unrighteous shall inherit the kingdom of God” in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Cor 6.9&lt;/a&gt;. And the 1631 edition, the infamous ‘Wicked Bible,’ wrote the seventh of the ten commandments as “Thou shalt commit adultery”!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The Wicked Bible was such an embarrassment to the Anglican Church that the archbishop ordered the Bibles to be burned, and he fined the printer, Robert Barker, 300 pounds—no small sum in those days. Barker, who had been the king’s printer since the Authorized Version came out, died fourteen years later in debtor’s prison.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Not only have there been these occasional but bizarre printing mistakes, but several errors in the 1611 edition have&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;never&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;been changed. For example, in both&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Acts 7.45&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Heb 4.8&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;the name “Jesus” appears when&lt;i&gt;Joshua&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;is actually meant!&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Hebrews 4.8&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the Authorized Version says, “For if&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Jesus&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;had given them rest, then would he not afterward have spoken of another day.” The passage is saying that although&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Joshua&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;brought his people into the promised land, he could not give them the eternal rest that they needed. But by having “Jesus” here, the KJV is thus saying that&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Jesus&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;was inadequate, that he was not able to save his people from their sins. In Greek, both ‘Joshua’ and ‘Jesus’ are written the same way—&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Greek;"&gt;jIhsou'"&lt;/span&gt;. The issue is not one of textual variant, but of inattention to the details of the interpretation of the text.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Or consider&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Matt 23.24&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;the Authorized Version reads, “Ye blind guides, which strain&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;at&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;a gnat, and swallow a camel.” The Greek text here means to “strain&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;out&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;a gnat”—not “&lt;i&gt;at&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;a gnat.” Jesus’ point is the same as what he says in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Luke 6.41&lt;/a&gt;— “Why do you see the speck in your neighbor’s eye, but do not notice the log in your own eye?” The religious leaders focused on the tiny problems of others without taking care of the big issues in their own lives.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P82_22279" name="P82_22280" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Now, please understand: I am not listing these errors to make fun of the KJB! But I also don’t want anyone to have the illusion that it is a perfect translation. No translation is perfect—not the KJV, not the RSV, not the NIV, not the NET Bible.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In fact, just to play fair, allow me to mention an error that made its way into the second printing of the NET Bible, New Testament, in 1998. This translation has more notes in it than any other Bible in history. There are half a million words of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;notes&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;for the New Testament alone! And at one of them, the typist accidentally hit a second ‘s’ when he wrote the conjunction ‘as.’ I won’t spell it out for you, but you can well imagine the name this edition of the NET Bible would be called! Not only this, but as the senior New Testament editor of the NET Bible, I have to take full responsibility for this note. Besides, I was the one who actually typed in this word!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;D. The KJV as Literature&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P86_23526" name="P86_23527" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In spite of all the printing problems of the KJV, it has endured the test of time. It has been called “the single greatest monument to the English language.” Another scholar wrote, “The supremacy of the King James is one of style, not of scholarship. The men who made it did not set out to manufacture a literary classic—classics are seldom made to order. Yet they did produce one: perhaps the only classic ever turned in by a committee…”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Leland Ryken, professor of English literature at Wheaton College, speaks of the “overwhelming preference of people with literary stature in our century for the King James Bible over modern translations.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P89_24292" name="P89_24293" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The linguist Mario Pei observed, “The King James Bible and Shakespeare together are responsible for well over half of all our language cliches and stock phrases.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;H. L. Mencken, no friend of Christianity, declared that the KJV was “unquestionably the most beautiful book in the world.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;I could quote from scores of other literary authors who embrace the Authorized Version like no other book in the world. What is it that makes the King James so good? In a word, it is its&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;elegance&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The KJB has rhythm, balance, dignity, and force of style that is unparalleled in any other translation. Or, as Leland Ryken says, its touchstone is memorability. No translation today lingers in the mind like the King James of old does.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Frankly, it is my conviction that&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;every Christian should own a copy of the King James Bible&lt;/i&gt;. It may not be the most accurate, but it&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;is&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;the most elegant. And you only deny your own rich literary and religious heritage if you do not own and&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;read&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;a King James Bible.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;I wish to close this message today by reading&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Cor 13&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from the King James Bible.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Click for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/cgi-bin/netbible.pl?book=1co&amp;amp;chapter=13" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;NET Bible&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;version&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:1&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:2&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:3&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:4&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;Charity suffereth long, and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:5&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;Doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:6&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:7&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;Beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:8&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;Charity never faileth: but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:9&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;For we know in part, and we prophesy in part.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:10&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:11&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child: but when I became a man, I put away childish things.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:12&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;1Cor. 13:13&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;hr size="2" style="border-bottom-color: gray; border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: gray; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: gray; border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: gray; border-top-style: solid; height: 1px;" width="80%" /&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P14_1783" name="P14_1782" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;As quote by Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, 96.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P16_2198" name="P16_2197" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Chief among these was Codex Cantabrigiensis (a.k.a. Codex Bezae), which I was able to see—even though the procedure took three weeks to get permission! Peter Head and I spent half a day with that magnificent and eccentric document, and were the first persons granted permission to do so in four years due to its fragile condition.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P18_3023" name="P18_3022" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Ibid. (italics added).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P29_7151" name="P29_7150" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;For documentation and actual plates, see Allen and Jacobs,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Coming of the King James Gospels&lt;/i&gt;. On the epistles and Revelation, see David Norton, “John Bois’ Notes on the Revision of the King James Bible New Testament: A New Manuscript,”&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Library&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;18.4 (1996) 328-46. See brief discussion of this article in Minton,&lt;i&gt;Making&lt;/i&gt;, 309.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P32_8455" name="P32_8454" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Minton,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Making&lt;/i&gt;, 315. Of course, several of these renderings were also found in Erasmus’ Greek text, especially in the last six verses of Revelation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P35_9219" name="P35_9218" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Quoted in Bruce, 44.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P37_9554" name="P37_9553" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tyndale’s New Testament: Translated from the Greek by William Tyndale in 1534. In a modern-spelling edition and with an introduction by David Daniell&lt;/i&gt;. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P42_10666" name="P42_10665" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;As quoted in Minton,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Making&lt;/i&gt;, 351.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P44_11385" name="P44_11384" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, 102-3.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P46_11935" name="P46_11934" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Ibid., 103.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P50_13109" name="P50_13108" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Currently cited from Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, 101, but also available from ABS.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P59_16049" name="P59_16048" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, 107.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P62_16682" name="P62_16681" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Ibid., 106.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P65_17169" name="P65_17168" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Minton,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Making&lt;/i&gt;, 330. He adds some other fascinating information as well!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P82_22280" name="P82_22279" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;It is possible that ‘strain at’ in 1611 English meant ‘strain out’ (so OED). However, it was a rarer meaning even then and certainly should have been changed in subsequent revisions. Inexplicably, this error has remained in the text of most printings of the KJV. (See Minton,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Making&lt;/i&gt;, 350, for exceptions.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P86_23527" name="P86_23526" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;The following quotations are taken from Leland Ryken’s class notes on the KJV which he kindly sent to me in February 2001.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-ii-reign-king-james-era-elegance#P89_24293" name="P89_24292" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;p. 12.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 class="articleTitle" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;Part III: From the KJV to the RV (from Elegance to Accuracy)&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;span class="submitted" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Helvetica, serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;"&gt;Study By:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/byauthor/2/Daniel%20B.%20Wallace" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Daniel B. Wallace&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="content clear-block" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline-block; font-family: Helvetica, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 660px;"&gt;&lt;div id="searchSuggestion" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://bible.org/sites/bible.org/modules/custom/donations/miscfixes/images/suggestBk.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 13pt; height: 39px; margin-top: 8px; width: 630px;"&gt;&lt;img id="searchSuggestion" src="http://bible.org/sites/default/modules/custom/miscfixes/images/search.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-width: initial; height: 24px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; vertical-align: bottom; width: 24px;" /&gt;&lt;span id="suggestionText" style="position: relative; top: -8px;"&gt;See More Articles On:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/search/apachesolr_search/Hebrew%20text%20used%20by%20the%20kjv" id="searchSuggestion" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;Hebrew text used by the kjv&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="print-link" style="bottom: 0px; display: block; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="print_html" style="margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;a class="print-page" href="http://bible.org/print/book/export/html/1824" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-style: none; 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border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; float: right; line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;"&gt;&lt;div class="field field-type-text field-field-article-media-word" style="margin-bottom: 3px; margin-top: 3px;"&gt;&lt;div class="field-items"&gt;&lt;div class="field-item odd"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/assets/worddocs/wallace_kjvtorv.zip" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Word Document" src="http://bible.org/images/word_icon.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-width: initial; margin-right: 2px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; vertical-align: bottom;" title="Download Word Document(s)" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/assets/worddocs/wallace_kjvtorv.zip" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Download Word Doc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/fieldset&gt;&lt;div class="center" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;March 21, 2001&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Preface:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;This is the third part of a four-part lecture that was delivered at Lancaster Bible College in March, 2001, for the Staley Bible Lectureship. We are hoping to get permission to post all of the lectures as an audio tape on the Biblical Studies Foundation website. Here are&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/article/textual-criticism-series" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;some audio&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;files of a Textual Criticism series Dr. Wallace has done. Dr. Wallace is available as a conference speaker on “The History of the English Bible.” If your church is interested, contact him with our&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/contact" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;contact form&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for details.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;The 270-Year Reign of the King&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Although some folks think that the KJV had no rivals until 1881, this is not exactly true. After 1611, Bible translation continued to be quite vigorous.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;In 1703 Daniel Whitby did a paraphrase of the KJV.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Edward Wells, in 1724, made a revision of the AV called&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Common Translation Corrected.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;In 1729 Daniel Mace also did a corrected version of the KJV.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;William Whiston produced his&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Primitive New Testament&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1745, changing the KJV in light of more ancient Greek MSS. He followed the Western text, thus producing the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;only&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;English NT ever to be based on the Western text.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;John Wesley made a translation in 1768.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;In the same year, Edward Harwood produced a quirky translation, in which the Lord’s Prayer did&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;begin, “Our Father, which art in heaven,” but instead it said this: “Thou great governour and&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;parent&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of universal nature.” Apparently, this was the first gender-inclusive translation!&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;The distinction of being the first&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;woman&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to translate the Bible into English goes to Helen Spurrell, who in 1885 published a version of the Old Testament that was translated entirely from an unpointed Hebrew text—that is, a Hebrew Bible that only had consonants, no vowels.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Countless others also produced translations. Charles Thompson, Samuel Sharpe, Isaac Leeser, A. Benisch, J. N. Darby, Robert Young, Joseph Bryant Rotherham, Thomas Newberry, W. J. Conybeare and J. S. Howson, and Henry Alford all produced their own versions.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;But there was a common thread through&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of these translations that kept them from overtaking the KJV: each version was produced by an&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;individual&lt;/i&gt;, not by a committee. Henry Alford, the Dean of Canterbury, published a revision of the AV in 1869. But he had no illusion that it would replace the KJ. His assessment of his own work reflects on the others as well:&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;“It is impossible,” Alford declared, “that&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;one man’s work&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;can ever fulfill the requisites for an accepted Version of the Scriptures.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Alford in fact expressed hope that a Royal Commission would be appointed to revise the AV. Only a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;year&lt;/i&gt;after his translation appeared, the Convocation of Canterbury decided to start the ball rolling on a thorough revision of the KJV. Alford was a prophet! He was right on target on a short-range prophecy—so he passed the first test; let’s see how he did on a long-range prophecy…&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Alford was not only concerned over the language of the KJV; he was also troubled by its inadequate textual base. He knew that the Greek text that stood behind the KJ was thoroughly inadequate (and we’ll talk about that later this hour). In anticipation of criticisms that would come from KJ advocates, he noted that many of these criticisms would be borne out of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ignorance&lt;/i&gt;—from a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;failure&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to recognize that such changes were made “simply as an act of honest&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;obedience&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to truth of testimony, or truth of rendering.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P22_3547" name="P22_3548" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Alford argued that “a translator of Holy Scripture must be… ready to sacrifice the choicest text, and the plainest proof of doctrine, if the words are not those of what he is constrained in his conscience to receive as God’s testimony.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In this statement, Alford anticipated and answered the criticisms of King James Only folks for the next 130 years! I guess he really was a prophet!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;But apart from revisions and translations done by individuals, no other English Bible appeared between 1611 and 1881. This raises a question: How did the King James stay on the throne for&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;270&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;years?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;There are basically eight reasons why the AV (or Authorized Version, as it is called in England) went unchallenged so long.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;1. Unlike the Geneva Bible, it was produced in England.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;2. Unlike the Bishops’ Bible, it appeared in both folio size and quarto size. It could therefore compete with the Geneva in the home as well as in the church.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;3. It was adopted and promoted by the Church—without the stigma of persecution (unlike the Geneva), and without the stigma of the poor literary quality of the Bishops’ Bible.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;4. It did not have lots of marginal notes from a particular theological perspective—again unlike the Geneva.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;5. It involved 47 scholars, an obviously impressive number that, in itself, would persuade many to use this version.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P31_4898" name="P31_4899" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The Bishops’ Bible had been translated by nine men; the Geneva by a small committee as well.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;6. It was excellent English (unlike the Bishops’), and was more lyrical and rhythmic than even the Geneva.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;7. It was a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;compromise&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;translation between various factions within England—including High Churchmen and Puritans, and to a degree, between Protestants and Catholics. Even though it was ostensibly based on the Bishops’ Bible (to satisfy the High Churchmen), it really looked a lot more like the Geneva, and even borrowed from the Rheims-Douai. So everybody had&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;something&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to like about the AV!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;8. Finally, it had the financial and political backing of the throne.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Essentially, the KJV stayed in power because of the mixture of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;political clout&lt;/i&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;religious compromise&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;i&gt;literary power&lt;/i&gt;. And that’s a threefold cord that’s not easily broken.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;All this contributed to the longevity of the AV. But even with all this, it could not sit on the throne forever.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Problems with the King James Version&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Two fundamental problems with the King James Bible began to surface in the decades following its publication—problems of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;text&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;and problems of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;translation&lt;/i&gt;. And there is a third problem, not really related to the King James directly, but rather related to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;perception&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the King James Bible by its advocates—the problem of&lt;i&gt;tradition&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1. Text&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;First, problems with the text.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The Greek text used by these editors was vastly inferior to that of modern translations. It was principally the Stephanus text of 1550 (third edition), which, in turn, relied essentially on Erasmus’ third edition of 1522. The Stephanus text was modified slightly by Theodore Beza who took the text through eleven editions.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P42_7368" name="P42_7369" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Beza’s 9&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;edition was used in preparation for the KJV. This Greek text, later known as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Textus Receptus&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(TR), misses the wording of the original New Testament in about&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;5000&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;places. Most of these places cannot be translated, but a few of them are fairly substantial. Once again,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of these Greek texts—from Erasmus to Beza—are essentially the same. They are all essentially the third edition of Erasmus.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;To understand the history of the English Bible you have to know a little about the Greek text that stands behind it. Here are some of the facts about Erasmus’ Greek text.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;1. With the invention of the printing press and with Greek learning returning to Europe, there was a felt need for the first Greek NT. The rush was on! And the first one done would almost certainly be a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;sloppy&lt;/i&gt;production.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;2. The Roman Catholic priest and Dutch humanist, Erasmus, met the challenge. On&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;March 1, 1516&lt;/b&gt;he published the first GNT. Exactly&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;20 months later&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;the Reformation would begin because Luther had read Erasmus’ Greek text. And when he read&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Romans&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;in Greek for the first time, he was converted to Christ. In a very real sense, the Reformation began because of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Greek&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;NT. Luther himself said that he&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;never&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;would have challenged the Pope without first reading the Greek NT.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Sidenote&lt;/b&gt;: I know we are studying the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;English&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bible and how important it is for our faith. But I want to turn right now and speak to the future pastors, the future Bible translators, the future theologians and apologists in this room. For you, the Greek NT and Hebrew OT are even&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;more&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;important than the English Bible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;All&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;of the Reformers—from Luther to Calvin, from Zwingli to Melanchthon—insisted on&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;two&lt;/i&gt;fundamentals for any who would become pastors. First, they had to hold to the right doctrines—&lt;i&gt;sola scriptura, sola fidei, sola gratia&lt;/i&gt;. But second, they&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;had&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to learn Greek and Hebrew. This was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;not an option&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;for any ministers of the Word.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The battle cry of the Reformation was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ad fontes&lt;/i&gt;—“back to the sources!” This meant back to the&lt;i&gt;original&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;text. For too long the Church had been enslaved to tradition and to biblical interpretation that was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;given&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to it by others. The only way to get past tradition, and to test anyone’s interpretation of the Bible was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;to know the original languages.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Today, the learning of Greek and Hebrew are often regarded as non-essentials for Christian ministers. “It’s too hard.” “Just use the commentaries.” “Ministry is about people, not about the text.” I’ve heard all these excuses for years. It’s nothing new. The same excuses were used in the sixteenth century.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Luther went into a strong diatribe against those pastors-in-training who resisted learning the biblical languages. And characteristically, he didn’t mince words. What he had to say then is still valid today. Listen to Luther:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In proportion as we value the gospel, let us zealously hold to the [biblical] languages. For it was not without purpose that God caused his Scriptures to be set down in these two languages&lt;i&gt;alone&lt;/i&gt;—the Old Testament in Hebrew, the New in Greek. Now if God did not despise them but chose them above all others for his word, then we too ought to honor them above all others.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;If through our neglect we let the languages go (God forbid!), we shall lose the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;gospel&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;too. It is inevitable that unless the languages remain, the gospel must finally perish.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;When our faith is held up to ridicule, where does the fault lie? It lies in our ignorance of the languages; and there is no way out than to learn the languages. It is also a stupid undertaking to attempt to gain an understanding of Scripture by laboring through the commentaries of the fathers and a multitude of books and glosses. Instead of this, men should have devoted themselves to the languages.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Since it becomes Christians then to make good use of the Holy Scriptures as their one and only book and it is a sin and a shame not to know our own book or to understand the speech and words of our God, it is a still greater sin and loss that we do not study [the biblical] languages, especially in these days when God is offering and giving us men and books and every facility and inducement to this study, and desires his Bible to be an open book. How sternly God will judge our lethargy and ingratitude [if we do not learn Greek and Hebrew]!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;It’s almost as if Luther had been sitting in on faculty discussions at&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;half&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of our seminaries in this country! If you plan to go into the pastorate, I urge you to consider a seminary that has an unswerving commitment to the biblical languages. It is not&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;you need, but it is something that you cannot do without. One of the significant and terribly sad historical notes here is this: virtually every evangelical seminary that abandoned the study of the original languages has become unorthodox within fifty years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Back to Erasmus:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;3. Erasmus took his Greek text through five editions. All of them were Latin-Greek diglots, never Greek alone. The reason? Erasmus’ motive was not primarily to produce a Greek NT, but rather to prove that his Latin translation was an improvement over Jerome’s Vulgate (done 1000 years earlier). The Vulgate had been the authorized Bible of the western Church ever since its production.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;4. Because he was in a rush, he could find only one copy of the book of&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Revelation&lt;/b&gt;. And that copy lacked the last leaf,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Rev 22.16-21&lt;/a&gt;. What was Erasmus to do? He decided to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;backtranslate&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;those final six verses, from Latin into Greek. And as good as Erasmus’ Greek was (he was considered the premier Greek scholar of the sixteenth century), he still created&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;seventeen&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(17) variant readings that have not been found in any Greek New Testament MSS (except, of course, for one that was a copy of Erasmus’ printed text). The most remarkable text is&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Rev 22.19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: “And if anyone takes words away from this book of prophecy, God will take away from him his share in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;tree&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;But Erasmus’ text had ‘book’ instead of ‘tree’ because the Latin had ‘book’ here: “God will take away from him his share in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;book&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of life.” Erasmus’ text was thus quite defective here. The reason that some Latin MSS had ‘book’ here was no doubt due to the fact that the Latin scribes saw ‘book’ twice in this verse and they accidentally replaced ‘tree’ with ‘book’ in the middle of the verse. This could easily happen in Latin because the words were similar (unlike Greek, which has&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Greek;"&gt;xuvlon&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;for ‘tree’ and&lt;span style="font-family: Greek;"&gt;biblivon&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;for ‘book’): the Latin word for tree is&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ligno&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the word for book is&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;libro&lt;/i&gt;. Thus, a two letter difference between these two words. The KJV repeated this error, giving rise to the possibility that the Bible teaches that one can lose his salvation (since removal from the book of life would be tantamount to loss of salvation).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;5. MS basis: about half a dozen, none earlier than 10&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;to 12&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;century. Today we have 5600 MSS, with some as early as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;century.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;6. The 1516 edition was called by one scholar the ‘most poorly edited book in the world.’ Erasmus himself admitted that it was pasted together rather than edited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;7. The response to Erasmus’ efforts was not altogether positive. The Roman Catholic hierarchy complained that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Comma Johanneum&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 John 5.7-8&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(see below) was not in Erasmus’ text and thus his text must surely be defective. But Erasmus responded in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Annotationes&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of his second edition (1519) that he did not put in the famous text about the Trinity because he did not find it in any Greek MSS.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P62_15024" name="P62_15025" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Erasmus’ text&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;read as follows: “There are three who bear witness—the Spirit, the water, and the blood; and these three agree.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Latin Vulgate (&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;late&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;copies):&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;For there are three who bear witness in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spirit; and these three are one. And there are three who bear witness on earth—the Spirit, the water, and the blood; and these three agree.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;But these words of the Latin Vulgate were not found in any Greek MS until one was ‘made to order’ for Erasmus (who implied that he would not publish a NT with such words unless he could find them in a Greek text) in 1520 by a scribe named Roy, working in Oxford. It somehow was ‘discovered’ before Erasmus published his third edition.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P66_16115" name="P66_16116" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;8. In the&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;edition of 1522&lt;/b&gt;, the Trinitarian formula of the late Latin Vulgate MSS was added. To date, only&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;four&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Greek MSS are known to have this reading (all from the sixteenth century or&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;later&lt;/i&gt;) and four others have marginal readings to this effect.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P68_16548" name="P68_16549" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The source of the wording has been traced to a homily on the passage, written in the eighth century, in a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Latin&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;allegorical commentary on this text.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;I would&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;love&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;for this verse to be in the original! But the doctrine of the Trinity does not live or die with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 John 5.7&lt;/a&gt;! You recall that I quoted from Henry Alford earlier about his obedience to the truth of the evidence for the sake of Christ. He said: “a translator of Holy Scripture must be… ready to sacrifice the choicest text, and the plainest proof of doctrine, if the words are not those of what he is constrained in his conscience to receive as God’s testimony.” Alford was speaking of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 John 5.7&lt;/a&gt;. He believed very strongly in the Trinity, but knew that the Trinitarian statement in the KJV&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;here&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;was added later. (The fact that these words were&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;never&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;used in argument with Arians in the early centuries of the Greek church shows that they must surely have been added later, and from the Latin tradition.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Summary&lt;/b&gt;: This is Erasmus’ text: Half a dozen MSS, sloppily edited, six verses back-translated from Latin with no Greek support, and some verses added because of pressure from the Catholic church. It misses the original wording in about 5000 places. This is the Greek text of Erasmus; this is the Greek text that the KJ NT is based on.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;There has been much emotional baggage attached to the verses in the KJV, both because of the cadence and lyrical quality of some of those verses (though often at the expense of an accurate translation&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P72_18230" name="P72_18231" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) and because of later additions made to the text as it was transmitted in the Greek and Latin traditions. Ultimately, what is needed of all Christians is a hunger for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;truth&lt;/i&gt;. It is not that we have too little of the Bible (as KJ advocates argue), but that they have too much. Their Bible is 110% of the Word of God! Modern translations are often condemned for taking away from the words of Scripture, when in reality the KJV falls under the flip-side criticism of&lt;i&gt;adding&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to the words of Scripture. Our goal should be to burn off the dross to get to the gold.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;2. Translation&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;There were also problems in translation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The 47 scholars who worked on the KJV knew Latin better than they knew Greek or Hebrew. Hence, it should not surprise us that they committed hundreds of errors in translation, especially in relation to the definite article (since Latin does not have one and Greek does). For example:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;John 4.27&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(“Jesus was speaking with&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;the&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;woman”). The point of the text is not that Jesus was speaking with&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;the&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;woman, but that he was speaking with&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;woman. First century Jewish law forbade a rabbi from speaking to a woman in public; he would even have to refrain from speaking to his own mother in public! Jesus, of course, did not follow such arbitrary rules, but his new disciples were unaware of this fact. The whole point of the narrative at this stage is not the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;kind&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of woman that Jesus was speaking to, but simply that he was speaking to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;woman. Her nature as the “town naughty lady” would soon enough be revealed to the disciples.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Tim 2.12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(“I do not permit a woman to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;usurp&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;authority over a man”). Many a woman preacher has said, “I am not usurping any man’s authority; the authority to preach to you today has been granted to me by the elders of this church.” That is an understanding of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Tim 2.12&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that is based on the KJV, not modern translations. Where did the KJV get that notion? Not from Tyndale, since he translated this verse as follows: “I suffer not a woman to teach, neither to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;have authority&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;over a man: but for [her] to be in silence.” The KJV here has “But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;usurp&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;authority over the man, but to be in silence.” The key difference is in the translation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Greek;"&gt;aujqentei'n&lt;/span&gt;. Tyndale renders it “have authority,” while the KJV renders it “usurp authority.” From what I can gather, the verb did not bear the force of “usurp” until Chrysostom (fourth century AD) gave it that spin in his comments on this text. Further, “usurp” was not the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;predominant&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;meaning of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Greek;"&gt;aujqentevw&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;until the ninth century A.D. But since the word occurs less than 125 times in all of Greek literature (according to a search of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;TLG&lt;/i&gt;database of 64 million words from Homer to A.D. 1453), the KJV translators were at a loss. Hence, they relied on Erasmus’ Latin (which, you may recall, he put forth as a correction of Jerome’s) of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;usurpare&lt;/i&gt;. Now the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Oxford Latin Dictionary&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;gives as the first definition of this term, “To take possession of (property) on one’s own initiative (and without strict legal claim).” Jerome’s translation, incidentally, was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;dominare&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;i&gt;OLD&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;gives as its first definition of this verb, “To exercise sovereignty, act as a despot, rule”). Thus,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Tyndale’s&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;translation was more accurate to the Greek than either Jerome’s or Erasmus’ (though Jerome’s was fairly literal, since there is no verb in Latin that is a cognate to either&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;potestas&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;auctoris&lt;/i&gt;. Thus, if a verb has to be used,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;dominare&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;is the most neutral term available and therefore the most accurate.) But the KJV translators knew Latin better than they knew Greek, so when it came to this verb they relied on Erasmus’ erroneous Latin translation rather than the true meaning of the Greek, thereby spawning generations of faulty interpretations on the role of women in ministry. And where did Erasmus get this notion? He was a Roman Catholic priest: he read the patristic writers. In fact, he knew them as well as he knew the scriptures.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;It is a remarkable thing that many today read this text as though the KJV was the accurate rendering. But most modern translations render the term neutrally (cf., e.g., RSV, NKJV, NIV [“have authority”], RV, ASV [“have dominion”], NASB [“exercise authority”], etc. Remarkably, even the NRSV, with its strong bent toward inclusive language and egalitarianism [as in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Tim 3:2&lt;/a&gt;: “married only once” for “husband of one wife”] here reads “have authority”).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Titus 2.13&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: KJV reads: “the glorious appearing of the great God and&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;our&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Saviour, Jesus Christ.” But this text employs a construction that can only mean that “God” and “Savior” refer to one person; it is one of the clearest texts in the NT affirming the deity of Christ. The KJV does not affirm this here. In 1798 the lay scholar Granville Sharp wrote a treatise in which he advocated a new translation of the Bible since the “common version” (the KJV) had incorrectly rendered the Greek here, as well as in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;2 Peter 1.1&lt;/a&gt;. The point we wish to make here is&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;that the KJV is unorthodox on the deity of Christ! Rather, it is that in many places it misses the point of the Greek text because the translators were more at home in Latin than in Greek. Although some KJV Only advocates have quite unfairly charged modern translations with denying the deity of Christ because in a few verses such is not clearly affirmed (e.g.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Tim 3.16&lt;/a&gt;), frequency of prooftexts is not the same as affirmation vs. denial of doctrine. If one translation affirms the deity of Christ 300 times and another only 295 times, there can be no real charge of unorthodoxy in either case. Further, several studies have shown that modern translations have&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;more&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;evidence of the deity of Christ than the KJV does—yet no one is charging the KJV translators with unorthodoxy on this matter, nor should they. No cardinal doctrine depends on a single or even a few verses.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Not only are there hundreds of mistranslations, but also hundreds of archaisms or antiquated expressions in the AV. Many words were already archaic when the KJV came out. But by 1881, over&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;300&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;words in the AV had changed their meaning. “Suffer the little children to come unto me” does&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;mean “&lt;i&gt;beat&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;your kids so that they’ll go to church”!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;I often ask KJ advocates which dictionary they use to help them understand the Bible. If they use a modern dictionary to understand 1611 English, it simply won’t do. More sophisticated KJV advocates say, “The 1828 Webster.” That’s better, but still not good enough. 1828 is still closer to 2001 than it is to 1611.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Frankly, there is only&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;one&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;dictionary that you really can use to understand every word in the KJV: the&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;13&lt;/b&gt;-volume&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;unabridged&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Oxford English Dictionary&lt;/b&gt;. For each entry, it traces the history of the word’s usage.&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P83_25236" name="P83_25237" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;To take but one example:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;2 Tim 2.15&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;“&lt;i&gt;Study&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth” (KJV)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;All modern translations have something like “&lt;i&gt;Be eager&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to show yourself approved” or “&lt;i&gt;Be diligent&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to show yourself approved” rather than “Study to show yourself approved.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;This is not a mistake by the KJ translators. They translated this correctly, because in 1611 English “study”&lt;i&gt;meant&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;“be eager,” or “be diligent.” But who would know today that ‘study’ in 1611 meant ‘be diligent’&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;unless they consulted the Oxford English Dictionary&lt;/i&gt;? My recommendation to KJV users—to better understand their preferred Bible—is to do two things: (1) Use the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;OED&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;liberally as they study their Bible, and (2) get a New King James Bible to help them in the hard places. Nevertheless, one has to understand that the great value of the KJV today is the heritage of the English language and the beauty of this Bible. But as a study Bible, or one that is as accurate as can be, the King James comes up short.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;3. Tradition&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Finally, there is the problem of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;perception&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the KJB by its advocates. They often believe that it is perfect, and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;only&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bible that can properly be called ‘the Holy Bible.’&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In this section, I will actually be defending the KJV&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;against&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;its modern-day proponents. It is&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;a member of the Trinity! The danger one has in putting it on a pedestal is that for many people, once it gets knocked off that pedestal, it is viewed less positively than it should be. We should have a very positive assessment of the KJV without elevating it to inspired status.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Sometimes this KJ Only attitude goes beyond all logic and dabbles in the realm of the absurd. In 1995 I was on the John Ankerberg show called, “What’s the Best Bible Translation?” There were three KJV advocates. Early on in the eight-part program (that was filmed all in one day) John Ankerberg asked them, “If a person in Russia becomes a Christian, are you saying that he would need to learn English in order to read the only true Holy Bible?” After a brief pause, the lead KJV advocate said, “Yes!” I wondered why I had been asked to be on the show after hearing that response…&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Not all KJV advocates employ such illogic however. Here are some of the basic arguments that KJV advocates use for this Bible’s status as the only Holy Bible, with a brief response:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;1. It is perfect. The translators were the best ever, the most godly men.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;But&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;even the translators explicitly denied that the KJV was perfect in the original preface (which, unfortunately, is now no longer printed with the KJV Bible). They said, “perfection is never attainable by man.” They themselves said that only the original was inspired, that&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;no&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;translation was perfect or ever could be.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;2. All modern translations cause chaos because they are so different. If we all used the KJ, there would be no uncertainty about the wording of the text. There is no uncertainty anywhere.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;But&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;this ignores the fact that original 1611 KJV had 8500 marginal readings, many of which expressed doubt about the meaning or wording of the text. On numerous occasions, they simply had to ‘flip a coin’ and put something in the text! The translators were humble men, who wanted to alert the reader when they just weren’t sure what the Hebrew or Greek text meant. It is only the omission of these marginal readings that has given some folks the&lt;i&gt;illusion of certainty&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;3. No modern translation deserves the name, “Holy Bible.”&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;But&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;this is not the attitude of the KJ translators themselves. They said, “the word of God may be recognized in the very meanest translation of the Bible.” This would include the translations that came before them&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;the ones that came after.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;4. God has used the KJV for 270 years. No other translation has stood the test of time. No other translation has sold as many copies. This proves that it is the one and only inspired Word of God.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;But&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;this is not true. The Latin Vulgate was the official Bible of western Europe for over 1000 years—four&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;times&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;as long as the KJV was on the throne! And the NIV has actually&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;outsold&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;the KJV—and it did it in one-tenth the time. Frankly, this attitude is remarkably similar to the attitude that virtually every generation of Christians has had when confronted by a new translation that challenges their ‘old favorite.’ It represents emotional baggage rather than clear thinking. This attitude of resistance to new translations was seen when Jerome produced the Latin Vulgate, when Erasmus ‘corrected’ the Latin Vulgate, and even when the King James Bible was produced! Those who know history know that it is the attitude of the ignorant. And as much as we must truly love these folks, it is also important that we help them love and learn truth. The incarnation of Christ demands no less of us.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;5. The language is exalted, elegant, beautiful. This Bible was written in the golden age of the English language—when English was correctly and properly spoken. This is the language that the Bible deserves to be in—Elizabethan English.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;But&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;real&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;language of the Bible was of a different sort. It was the conversational Greek of the day—the Greek that men on the streets of Athens and Antioch, Jerusalem and Corinth, spoke. In fact, it was known as the ‘&lt;i&gt;common&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Greek,’ and it was a big step down from the golden age of Greek literature, the classical Greek era that ended 400 years earlier. And although there were artificial and pompous attempts in the first century AD to revive this classical Greek,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;none of the NT writers&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;got sucked into this mode of writing. Their writing was clear, and simple, and connected to real people—not artificial and pompous.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;And the KJ translators explicitly tried to capture that. Their goal, in fact, was to make the text as plain and simple to understand as possible. They said (in the original preface):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;[The Catholics have] the purpose to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;darken&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;the sense, that [although] they must needs translate the Bible, yet by the language thereof it may be&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;kept from being understood&lt;/i&gt;. But we desire that the Scripture may speak like itself … that it may be understood even [by] the very vulgar.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;It is a great irony that today part of the reason the KJB is so revered is because it sounds so archaic, so other-worldly. It is the Bible that speaks in a stained-glass voice. But this is&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;precisely&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;what the KJ translators&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;condemned&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;in a translation! Their intention—which they accomplished for&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;their&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;day 400 years ago—was to make the Bible clear, simple, easy to understand.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;All of these arguments have nothing to do with our Protestant heritage. Instead, KJ Only advocates unwittingly look more like Roman Catholics than Protestants. (And Roman Catholics of yesteryear, for nowadays many Catholics are embracing the need to learn the Bible, and the study the original languages.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;As you recall, Protestantism was begun when the Word of God became accessible to the people. Now, the KJV has become to today’s layman what the Latin Vulgate was to yesterday’s layman. Further, since people cling to it because it is traditional, they unwittingly embrace another Roman Catholic notion (tradition over Scripture). Thus, in two major respects (clarity vs. obscurity in understanding, and Scripture vs. tradition), those who cling to the KJV resemble (older) Roman Catholicism against the rest of Protestantism!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;To sum up&lt;/b&gt;: There are two attitudes to avoid in dealing with the KJB. (1) We must not be so reactionary to KJ Only advocates that we&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;despise&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;the KJB! From time to time, I put an essay or two on the internet. Sometimes I discuss Bible translations. Inevitably, I tick someone off, usually someone from the KJ Only crowd. In fact, I average one or two emails a month in which I am condemned to hell! This happens to every Bible translator. Dr. Bruce Metzger got a letter one time from a New York cab driver which said, “I hate what you have done to the Bible! If you ever come to NYC, I will run you over with my cab, and then I will back up and do it again.” The letter ended with, “In Christian love” followed by the man’s name!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;This kind of attitude still does not give me the right to become sour on the KJB.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;If you’ve got family or friends who are&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;rabidly&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;loyal to the KJV, the danger you have is arrogance and apathy. You might be thinking, “Aha! Now, I’ve got some arguments to use against my uncle Howard! Let’s see what he says to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;this&lt;/i&gt;!” But I urge you: don’t throw out the baby with the bathwater! If the AV is not all it’s cracked up to be, that doesn’t give you the right to neglect the Scriptures. And even though the Bible is not a member of the Trinity, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;only&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;way we can know God is by knowing his Word.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;The Age of Discovery, the Age of Reason&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;What is it that finally overthrew the reign of the King James? It was essentially the discovery of new MSS. The KJ was based on half a dozen Greek MSS, no earlier than the tenth century AD. Today, we know of&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;5,600&lt;/b&gt;Greek MSS—and some of them are as early as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;second century&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;AD.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;I won’t rehearse the details of these discoveries with you, because we’re out of time. But by 1881 the English-speaking world was ready for a new translation, one that was based on the oldest possible MSS. In that year, the Revised Version was born.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;The Birth of the Revised Version (1881, 1885)&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1. A Revision of the Authorized Version&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The Revised Version was a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;revision&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the KJV. It was consciously intended to be in line with the KJV—that is, a major revision, but based on the best and earliest MSS. It was thus the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;fifth&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;major revision of the AV.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;2. Nature of the Translation&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;This new translation was heralded as a very accurate translation. It was a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;good&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;translation in representing the meaning of the original. But it was often too stilted; not the best English. Produced in England, though with significant input from American scholars. However, many of the Americans’ suggestions went unheeded.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;3. Reception&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;You’ve all heard the old line, “Something is lost in the translation.” That is always the case. There is never exact correspondence in wording, structure, literary power, cadence, and emotive impact between two languages.&lt;i&gt;What the KJV sacrificed was accuracy; what the RV sacrificed was beauty.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The problem is, even if a translation is accurate, if it doesn’t get read it won’t have an impact on people’s lives. An old Italian proverb suggests the more beautiful the translation, the less faithful; the uglier the translation, the more faithful it must be.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The KJV is the beautiful and graceful matron of the family who gave birth to a homely daughter that kept pointing out her mother’s faults! And even though the RV launched a new era—the era of accuracy—the RV was a dismal failure. No one wanted to read it. The KJ was still safe on the throne for another 20 years, but the seeds of revolt had been planted. We can be grateful to God that we live at a time when there is an abundance of excellent translations. We don’t have to choose between an elegant translation that misses the mark and an accurate one that’s ugly. Tomorrow, we will see what our choices really are.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Enable us, Father, to love this book, to study this book, to read it, search it, embrace it. Forgive us for our apathy and our laziness. Give us a passion to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;know your Word&lt;/i&gt;, Lord, that we might know&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;you&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;hr size="2" style="border-bottom-color: gray; border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: gray; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: gray; border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: gray; border-top-style: solid; height: 1px;" width="80%" /&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P22_3548" name="P22_3547" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;As quoted in Bruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History&lt;/i&gt;, 131.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P31_4899" name="P31_4898" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;This is analogous to what is often done in scholarship. Once a large group of scholars produces a work, competing texts lose ground simply because they are perceived to have been in a less careful manner. Robert Funk, the chairman of the Jesus Seminar (an 84-member team of mostly liberal scholars which produced&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Five Gospels&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;[a work in which the words of Jesus are color-coded as to their authenticity—e.g., red means that he really said it, black means that he really did not, etc.]) once told me that he likes big productions of this sort because opponents cannot easily come up with the resources to produce a counter-view with a great number of scholars on their side. The issue was more logistical than scholarly, but there is an illusion of legitimacy simply by the sheer numbers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P42_7369" name="P42_7368" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Metzger,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Text of the New Testament&lt;/i&gt;, says that Beza had ten editions. But I have personally seen one that is dated before his alleged first one (1564 was the year of the latter, if I recall).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P62_15025" name="P62_15024" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;It is sometimes asserted that Erasmus rashly promised that if a Greek MS were found that had this text in it, he would publish the wording in his Greek NT. But that is an overstatement. Erasmus only made the negative statement that he did not put it in because it was not found in any Greek MSS. One may well detect a veiled promise in this statement, but it is not explicit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P66_16116" name="P66_16115" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;This MS is the famous Codex 61, and is now housed in Dublin, Ireland. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Comma Johanneum&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;has been consulted so frequently that the book almost of its own falls open to this page!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P68_16549" name="P68_16548" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;Although the MSS which have this marginal reading date from as early as the 12&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;century, the marginal reading in each case can not be dated any earlier than the 15&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;or 16&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;century.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P72_18231" name="P72_18230" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;The beauty of the KJV is addressed in lecture two in this series. It should be mentioned here that, contrary to what many have said, I strongly advocate the KJV and recommend it to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;every&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;native English speaker. Every native English-speaking Christian should own a KJV as well as two or three other Bibles.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iii-kjv-rv-elegance-accuracy#P83_25237" name="P83_25236" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;There is available also a very helpful book that gives a glossary of all the unintelligible terms in the KJV: Melvin E. Elliott,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Language of the King James Bible: A Glossary Explaining its Words and Expressions&lt;/i&gt;(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967). This book has nearly 2000 entries. Such common words as study, prove, steel, song, substance, translate, yield, liquor, superstitious, and traffic meant something quite different in 1611 English than they do today. Even&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;the&lt;/i&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;of&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;did not always carry the same meaning as today! This book, along with the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Oxford English Dictionary&lt;/i&gt;, are indispensable tools for studying the KJV.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 class="articleTitle" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;Part IV: Why So Many Versions?&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;span class="submitted" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Helvetica, serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;"&gt;Study By:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/byauthor/2/Daniel%20B.%20Wallace" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Daniel B. Wallace&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="content clear-block" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline-block; font-family: Helvetica, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 660px;"&gt;&lt;span class="print-link" style="bottom: 0px; display: block; padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="print_html" style="margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;a class="print-page" href="http://bible.org/print/book/export/html/1825" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Display a printer-friendly version of this page."&gt;&lt;img alt="Printer-friendly version" class="print-icon" height="16" src="http://bible.org/sites/bible.org/modules/print/icons/print_icon.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; 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border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-width: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" title="Send to friend" width="16" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;fieldset class="fieldgroup group-attachements collapsible" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; float: right; line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; position: relative;"&gt;&lt;div class="field field-type-text field-field-article-media-word" style="margin-bottom: 3px; margin-top: 3px;"&gt;&lt;div class="field-items"&gt;&lt;div class="field-item odd"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/assets/worddocs/wallace_versions.zip" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Word Document" src="http://bible.org/images/word_icon.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-width: initial; margin-right: 2px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; vertical-align: bottom;" title="Download Word Document(s)" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/assets/worddocs/wallace_versions.zip" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Download Word Doc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/fieldset&gt;&lt;div class="center" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;March 19-21, 2001&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="quote" style="margin-left: 25px; margin-right: 3em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Editor’s note: This is the fourth part of a four-part series of lectures that were delivered at Lancaster Bible College in March, 2001, for the Staley Bible Lectureship. Dr. Wallace is available as a conference speaker on “The History of the English Bible.” If your church is interested, contact him for details.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Preface: Two Great Periods of Bible Translation&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;There have been two great periods of English Bible translation in history—the sixteenth century and the twentieth century. In many respects, they are mirror images of each other. Each began with a certain kind of translation that was then followed for many generations. The Tyndale was the template for almost all 16&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;century Bibles; the RV set the pattern for most modern translations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In the sixteenth century, the predominant concern in Bible translation was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;beauty&lt;/i&gt;; in the twentieth century, it was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;truth.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;No single translation at any time has captured all that the original text has to offer.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Not only this, but none of the Bible translations were produced in a vacuum. There were political and religious groups behind the scenes that were driving much of the production.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;And&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;this&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;is why there is no simple answer to the question, “What’s the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;best&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;translation available today?” No translation can capture the full force of the original. The best we can do is to own several different&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;kinds&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of translations. You may need one for serious study, another for casual reading, and another for memorizing. But don’t shortchange yourself by thinking that&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;one&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bible is all you need. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;only&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bible that can make that claim is the Greek and Hebrew Bible.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;This hour, we will discuss the various kinds of translations and, hopefully, help you to understand the nature of some of the more popular Bibles available today.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;A. The Era of Accuracy (or ‘formal equivalence’) (1881-1971)&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1. The Revised Version (1881, 1885)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;As we noted yesterday, when the RV appeared, it was meant to be a revision of the KJV. It was even touted as “the triumph of King Truth over King James.” But the scholars who produced it were far more interested in a&lt;i&gt;literal&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;translation than in a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;beautiful&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;translation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In spite of all the scholarly clamor for this new translation, most people—including clergy—still preferred the King James.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;2. The American Standard Version (1901)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The RV was primarily a British effort, but there were a few Americans who worked on the translation. By contractual agreement, the Americans promised not to publish their own translation until the RV had been on the market at least fourteen years. This would give the RV time to become established and overtake the KJ. As it turned out, 14 years or 140 years would still&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;be enough time for this stiff British translation to displace the AV.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;The ASV was significantly better English than the RV. But it was still quite stilted. It is the most literal translation ever done in English that qualifies as&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;passable&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;English.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Like the RV, this translation was a revision of the KJ—the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;sixth&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;revision.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;The ASV was immediately recognized as vastly superior to the RV. It became a great study Bible, though it is now outdated by new discoveries.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;3. The Revised Standard Version (1946, 1952)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Nearly fifty years passed before the next major translation was done. The impoverished style of the ASV prompted the International Council of Religious Education to recommend a revision. The work began in 1937 and the committee of 32 scholars consciously tried to make the RSV preserve the qualities of the KJV that had made it so great.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The RSV is a product of American scholarship. It is very much in the spirit of the KJV, and should be regarded as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;seventh&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;revision of the KJV.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;On the first day of publication—September 30, 1952—it sold one&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;million&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;copies. Among many churches in America, it quickly replaced the AV. It is still one of the most popular translations ever done. It is powerful in its simplicity and directness. The conservative NT scholar, F. F. Bruce, gives it high praise:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;… for the English-speaking world as a whole there is no modern version of the Bible which comes so near as the R.S.V. does to making the all-purpose provision which the A.V. made for so many years.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions#P28_4334" name="P28_4335" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;But not everyone took a liking to the RSV. It is in fact the most&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;hated&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;English translation of all time.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The first half of the 20th century saw two new major translations—the ASV and the RSV. But the second half of the 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;has seen a multitude of new translations. Why the change? What was the catalyst that spawned all these new versions? It was primarily the RSV—and fundamentally it was a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;negative reaction&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to the RSV.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Once again, we cannot understand Bible translations unless we put them in their historical context. When the RSV was produced, there was a distinctive religious and political climate. On the religious front, we were embroiled in the fundamentalist-modernist controversy. This reached its apex in the 1925 Scopes Monkey trial when a high school biology teacher was put on trial in Tennessee for teaching Darwinian evolution in the classroom!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;And on the political front, immediately after World War II the Cold War with Communism commenced. This was the era of Senator McCarthy who smelled a communist under every rock.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;It should not surprise us that the strongest attacks on the RSV came from the religious and political conservatives.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Senator McCarthy condemned this new translation as communist propaganda. His sole basis was that the RSV used the word “comrade” in three verses. And since the communists referred to themselves as “comrades,” McCarthy surmised that the RSV was the result of a communist plot!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Remarkably, he was successful in persuading some members of the military of his logic. The RSV was banned for use in the Air Force for several years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;But by far the deepest criticisms of the RSV came from religious fundamentalists. The RSV was sponsored by the National Council of Churches. This is a large group embodying several denominations, but very few fundamentalist churches were included. The doctrinal commitments of the NCC had some modernist leanings to them. So, when the RSV appeared, there was an instant suspicion on the part of some fundamentalists.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;And they didn’t have to look too far to find ground for their suspicions.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Isaiah 7.14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;became the lightning rod that attracted their thunderbolt of criticism. In the KJV this verse said, “Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;virgin&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.” This famous passage is quoted in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Matthew 1.23&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;where Matthew uses it as proof of the virgin birth of Christ.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In the RSV,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Isaiah 7.14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;was a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;little&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;different: “Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign. Behold, a&lt;i&gt;young woman&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;There was an immediate reaction. Scores of pamphlets appeared with such titles as&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Bible of Antichrist, The New Blasphemous Bible, and Whose Unclean Fingers Have Been Tampering With the Holy Bible—God’s Pure, Infallible, Verbally Inspired Word?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Several fundamentalist preachers publicly burned the RSV. One of them took a blowtorch and in front of his congregation tried to light it on fire. When he had trouble getting it lit, he remarked that it was just like the devil because it was so hard to burn!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Another preacher sent the ashes of the RSV to the senior editor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;1983—I had the opportunity to visit Dr. Bruce Metzger of Princeton Seminary. … While there, he showed me an urn full of ashes. I didn’t know what had been burned, but at first I thought this was a bizarre thing to show a guest. He said, “These are the ashes of the Revised Standard Version Bible.” Dr. Metzger had inherited the ashes from the previous senior editor. He quipped, “I am grateful to be a Bible translator in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;century. Nowadays, they only burn the translations rather than the translators!” But he quickly added that it was a terrible shame that people would treat the Word of God the way this preacher did.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Isaiah 7.14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the RSV became the most divisive verse in 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;century translations. This text was a watershed for orthodoxy. The Hebrew word that the RSV translated as ‘young woman’ and that the KJV had translated as virgin was the word&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;ALMAH&lt;/b&gt;. The debates raged so much in the churches across America that one observer noted that&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;ALMAH&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;had become the most recognized Hebrew word in the country!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The conservative reaction to the RSV’s translation of this&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;one word&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;gave birth to the NASB, the NIV, and a host of other translations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;But just like the reactions to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;every&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;new Bible translation that has ever come down the pike, the criticisms are often generated more by emotions than by evidence. Recall the words of the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;century conservative Christian scholar, Henry Alford: “a translator of Holy Scripture must be… ready to sacrifice the choicest text, and the plainest proof of doctrine, if the words are not those of what he is constrained in his conscience to receive as God’s testimony.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;This is precisely what the RSV translators did. The Hebrew word&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;almah&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;means ‘young woman’; it does not mean ‘virgin.’ But when it came to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Matt 1.23&lt;/a&gt;, where&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Isa 7.14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is quoted, the RSV translators have ‘virgin’ because this is what the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Greek&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;word means. They are not denying the virgin birth of Christ; they are simply being honest with the Greek and Hebrew texts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Nevertheless, not all conservative scholars saw it this way.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;4. The New American Standard Bible (1963, 1971; revised 1995)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The first major reaction to the RSV was the NASB. It was produced by the Lockman Foundation in La Habra, CA—a theologically conservative organization. The names of the translators were kept secret. But many of them, if not most, were Talbot and Dallas Seminary professors.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Revision of the ASV, not of the RSV.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Literal translation, very popular among conservative pastors, but not so popular in the pew. More literal than RSV, but also less readable. Many times it is simply Greek put in English dress.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;“If the R.S.V. had never appeared, this revision of the A.S.V. would be a more valuable work than it is. As things are, there are few things done well by the N.A.S.B. which are not done better by the R.S.V.”&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions#P53_10356" name="P53_10357" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;One of the things it does better, however, is that it is a better study Bible than the RSV.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Still, it has curiously antiquated features—features that trace their roots in the Geneva Bible—such as&lt;i&gt;indenting each verse&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;and using&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;italics&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;for words that are not in the original.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Sometimes, the translators are too rigid in their understanding of Greek and Hebrew For example, they often translate the Greek perfect as though it were an English perfect. But the two do not mean the same thing. The Greek perfect should often be translated like an English present tense. In&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Eph 2.8&lt;/a&gt;, for example, the KJV has ‘for by grace ye are saved’ while the NASB has ‘for by grace you have been saved.’ But ‘you have been saved’ in English offers no comfort to the present time since it says nothing about the continuation of salvation. The Greek perfect actually has the force of both: you have been saved in the past and you are still saved. In this instance, the KJV translators did a better job than the NASB largely because they understood English better than the NASB translators. Further, one of my professors, S. Lewis Johnson, once commented in class that the NASB was wrong in some verse in Revelation. I don’t recall which one. But he went on to say, “That’s because the person who translated Revelation was dozing in class when I taught him that text!” Dr. Johnson stands, to a large degree, behind much of the NASB New Testament, though without wanting to take credit for much.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;B. The Era of Readability (or ‘functional equivalence’) (1970-1998)&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Even before the NASB appeared, there was already an increasing restlessness about the nature of translation. In Great Britain, because of the disastrous response to the RV, biblical scholars decided that they could no longer patch up the KJV. Something entirely different needed to be done.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In America, there was an equal reaction to the RSV—both because of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Isa 7.14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and because of the style of translation the RSV was.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The NEB and NIV would be born as a result. What marks both of these translations out is that they are the&lt;i&gt;first&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;major translations done by Protestants that are completely new works. Neither one is in the Tyndale—King James lineage. Neither one is a literal or formal equivalent translation. Both of them represented a new school of thought about Bible translation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The older school said that all translation needs to be as literal as possible, or word-for-word. This is called&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;formal equivalent&lt;/b&gt;. But that is not always possible. Idioms in one language do not always transfer over into another.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;E.g., the Greek expression that a woman is pregnant is literally, “she is&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;having it&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the belly.” When the OT speaks of God’s anger, it says, “God’s nostrils are enlarged.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Further, a major problem with formal equivalence is that although it may work on a cognitive level, it often fails on an emotional level. The goal of a translator is not only to reproduce the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;message&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the original, but also to reproduce the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;impact&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of that original message. This requires another approach.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The newer school of translation argues for&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;dynamic equivalence&lt;/b&gt;. This is more phrase-for-phrase translation. It is more interpretive.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1. The New English Bible (1970; revised 1989)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The first completely new English Bible since Tyndale was the NEB. It was conceived in 1946, but not completed until 1970. Done by British scholars; perhaps an overreaction to the dismal failure of the RV.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Nevertheless, it is a very fresh and very readable translation. It is the most beautiful translation of the 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;century and in many places has moving and powerful passages.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The great NT prof at Cambridge, C. H. Dodd, was the project director. Dodd had a brilliant mind and a quick wit. He had memorized the entire NT—in Greek! He knew several languages, ancient and modern. And his skills in both Greek and English would be the 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;century equivalent of Tyndale’s in the 16&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;century.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Just two examples:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Luke 11.48&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;—In Jesus’ scathing rebuke of the religious leaders, the passage in Greek is beautifully terse. But many translations get wordy and cumbersome. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;KJV&lt;/b&gt;: “Truly ye bear witness that ye allow the deeds of your fathers: for they indeed killed them, and ye build their sepulchres.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;NEB&lt;/b&gt;: “and so [you] testify that you approve of the deeds your fathers did; they committed the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;murders&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;and you provide the&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;monuments&lt;/b&gt;.” This comes as close to picking up the snappy feel of the original as any translation I’ve seen.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;John 1.1&lt;/a&gt;—&lt;/b&gt;Virtually all translations follow the KJV, which follows Tyndale: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;NEB&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;is very bold to depart from that tradition rendering here: “In the beginning the Word already was. The Word was in God’s presence, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;what God was, the Word was&lt;/i&gt;.” Although this is not as literal as the traditional rendering, it is actually more faithful to the meaning of the original. John is not saying that the Word is the same&lt;i&gt;person&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;as God; he’s saying that he shares the same&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;essence&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;that God has. In the original Greek, this statement is the most concise way that John could both affirm that Christ is equal to the Father and distinct from the Father. The NEB captures that truth better than any other translation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Problems:&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Not a good study Bible, because it is so free in its wording.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;At times, it really misses the mark of what the Greek text means.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;2. The New International Version (1973, 1978)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Like the NASB, this is another evangelical reaction to the RSV.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Although 100 scholars from many denominations and three countries worked on it, it is largely an American effort.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;First major American translation&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the KJV tradition.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Highly readable, but hardly elegant.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;By 1995, outsold KJV. #1 book in the world. Over 100 million sold.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;h5 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Problems:&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Readability&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;seems to have been a higher priority than anything else. Creates shorter sentences,&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;but&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;the continuity of thought is often lost. Example:&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Peter 5.6-7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: “Humble yourselves, therefore, under God’s mighty hand, that he may lift you up in due time.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Cast&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;all your anxiety on him because he cares for you.” … [explain ‘cast’ is a participle—it explains&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;how&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to humble ourselves,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;by casting our cares&lt;/i&gt;. Not two separate ideas, but totally connected. To humble yourself before God is not a negative act; you do it&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;positively&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;by giving him your troubles!&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;100 scholars worked on this—that’s too many. Not all well-qualified. I do not know how their opinions were weighed, but with this many scholars it seems that the lowest common denominator could reign in several places. That is, if this was done by a democratic process at all, the translation would often have the least undesirable reading rather than the most desirable to some. Democracy is a great leveler of elegance, exchanging great literature for mundane clarity.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;It is so readable that it has no memorable expressions, nothing that lingers in the mind. This is a serious problem for the NIV that is not always acknowledged.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h3 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;C. Other Formal Equivalent Translations Since 1971&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1. The New King James Bible (1979, 1983)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The NKJB is another formal equivalent translation. It significantly updates the KJV, making it much more accurate of a translation. But there are two problems with this translation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;First, the translation is much more like the NASB than the KJV. And that means that the beauty of the original KJ has been sacrificed. But what do we get in exchange? Nothing that can’t be found in the RSV or the NASB.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Second, the NKJ is based on the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;same Greek text as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;old&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;KJ!&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;None of the editors believed that the Erasmus text always went back to the original. In fact, even though they were quite sympathetic to that kind of text, they felt that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Textus Receptus&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the KJB was wrong in nearly 2000 places! And still they used it to translate from.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Nevertheless, if someone wants to understand the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;old&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;KJB better, the NKJB is the best tool to do it with.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;2. The New Revised Standard Version (1989)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;By 1989, the RSV was nearly 40 years old. A lot of things had changed in those 40 years. For one thing, several significant MS discoveries had been made. For another, the English language had undergone some important alterations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Psalm 50.9&lt;/a&gt;, the RSV had God say, “I will accept&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;no bull&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;from your house”! In 1952 English this meant that God would not accept any sacrifices, including bulls. But in 1989 “I will accept no bull” means something decidedly different. It was time to revise the revision once again.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;English had changed in some other ways, too. No longer was “man” commonly understood to be a generic term that could include women. And&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;older translations used ‘man’ in this way; all older translations were&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;gender&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;ex&lt;/b&gt;clusive.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;A new translation was needed—one that was current with the language.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Not only this, but it had become politically&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;incorrect&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;in some circles to use the generic “he” when referring to a mixed group. So, both because of language shifts and, in my view, cultural pressures, the NRSV became one of the first gender-&lt;i&gt;inclusive&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;translations of the Bible.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;For example, in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;John 14.23&lt;/a&gt;, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;old&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;RSV records Jesus’ words this way: “If a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;man&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;loves me, he will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we will come to him and make our home with him.” The problem with this translation is that it excludes women in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;today’s&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;English. And the Greek text does not exclude women—there is in fact no Greek word for&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;man&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;in this verse!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Now, an appropriate fix would be to render the verse, “If&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;anyone&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;loves me,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;he&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;will keep my word, and my Father will love&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;him&lt;/i&gt;, and we will come to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;him&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;and make our home with&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;him&lt;/i&gt;.” This, in fact, best represents the meaning of the Greek.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;But the NRSV views even that translation as gender-&lt;i&gt;exclusive&lt;/i&gt;. It renders this verse as follows: “&lt;i&gt;Those&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;who love me will keep my word, and my Father will love&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;them&lt;/i&gt;, and we will come to&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;them&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;and make our home with&lt;i&gt;them&lt;/i&gt;.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;The problem with this rendering is that in order to avoid being politically incorrect, the NRSV has actually misrepresented the text. The point of the passage is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;intimacy&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;that both the Father and the Son can have with&lt;i&gt;each one of us&lt;/i&gt;. By using the plural throughout, that one-on-one intimacy is wiped out.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;In some other passages the meaning is changed in even more dramatic ways. In&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="NETBibleTagged" href="http://bible.org/seriespage/part-iv-why-so-many-versions" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0088cc; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1 Tim 3.2&lt;/a&gt;, e.g., instead of saying that the elder should be ‘&lt;i&gt;husband&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of one wife’ the NRSV says that the elder should be ‘married only once.’ No longer is the requirement that an elder be a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;man&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;found in the translation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;It is unfortunate that the NRSV has gone to such lengths to maintain a gender-inclusive rendering. However, it could have gone much, much further. When the NRSV was getting under way, one of the translators on the committee suggested that God be treated as a woman. If this suggestion had been approved, the Lord’s Prayer would have begun, “Our&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mother&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;who is in heaven”! The Great Commission would be: “Baptize them in the name of the Mother, the Son, and the Holy Spirit”!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Dr. Bruce Metzger, who was the chairman of the committee, dealt with this issue swiftly and decisively. Now, Dr. Metzger is a conservative Christian, and a diplomatic genius. He could sell ice cubes to eskimos; he could tell you to go to hell and make you look forward to the trip!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;So he responded to this woman translator: “Yes, I believe we should call God a ‘she.’ … And we should call the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;devil&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;a she, too!” That was the end of the discussion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3em;"&gt;Overall, the NRSV is an excellent translation whose only real flaw is its gender-inclusive thrust. Not only does this change the meaning of the text in some places, but it also is bad English style.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif; font-size: 1.2em; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;3. The Holman Christia
